king lear Essay -- essays research papers

Shakespeares King LearWilliam Shakespeares King Lear had downfalls in character which later on caused him to suffer extreme consequences. if anyone knows the authoritative meaning of suffering it is King Lear.King Lears downfalls are his pride, selfishness, and finesseness to truth.Pride as one of Lears first downfalls, in the beginning Lear disowns his lovely daughterCordelia, because Lear is to blind to realize that cordelia loves her father for who he isand NOT what he has in his possession. Lear sees his daughters for what they have as far as quantity non quality. This is his downfall of selfishness. Lear offers his two devouring(a) and selfish daughters, Coneril, and Regan his entire kingdom, simply because he is so damn conceded and thinks he is so great that he can not possibly see anyonenot loving him, and what he owns as far as land and power. His greedy daughtersrealize this and then decide to flatter a little of their fathers butt. Cordelia, and Regan go and kiss thei r fathers butt hoping to get all his power, and his kingdom. On the other hand, his one daughter who loves him for what he is, not what heis or has, realizes that she must play on her fathers incline just to receive a little respectfrom the king. Lear, by toying with loved ones emotions endues consequences uponhimself. Even at his age ,he was still perfectly capable of lifetime up to his duties...

Aruba :: Free Descriptive Essay About A Place

ArubaArubas culture is a collection of values, beliefs, and traditions from several nations over hundreds of years. The language, architecture, training, language, festivities, and folklore have made the Aruban natives the people they are today. The native population has ethnic grow in Arawak, African, and European peoples. This is evident in the local foods, architecture, celebrations, and languages. There is also a mix of expatriates from Europe, the Caribbean, and Latin America working in various industries on the island. Culturally, Aruba has strong ties to Holland its colonial occupier and present-day partner in the Netherlands kingdom. The official language of the island is Dutch, seen on street signs, government documents, and several local newspapers. almost people of Aruba, particularly those in the tourism business, speak English . There are four languages spoken overall there and they are Dutch, English, Spanish, and Papiamento. Papiamento is not a dialect but a la nguage that is evidence to the many influences of older languages and Arubas culture and traditions. It has traces of Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French and local Indian languages. It is a language that began in Curacao in the 1500s in an attempt to help slave owners communicate with their slaves. Its a comparatively easy language to learn with a limited vocabulary and a spicy rhythm that makes it fun. The challenging aspect of Papiamento is the importance of proper emphasis on the right syllable. If this is done incorrectly another meaning to the word intended may be interpreted. Some examples of Papiamento are as follows Very good is Hopi bon, Good Morning is Bon dia, Good good afternoon is Bon tardi, Good Evening is Bon nochi, and Have a good day is Pasa bon dia. Even with a limited knowledge of Spanish and French, one can find similarities and traces of the two within these few phrases . The education system of Aruba has established the same standards to those employed in the Netherlands. Teachers communicate with their students primarily in Dutch. English is required of students by the ordinal grade and many become fluent in their early adult years. Spanish, French, and German are three other languages offered to students while attending school. On the island, school facilities include a secondary education, a teachers college, a law school, and technical and training establishments.

Mad About Science :: Personal Narrative Essays

Mad About Science The trip to Singapore this summer was the most educational and most enjoyable trip I bring ever taken. Weeks later, I still look back at my photographs, email several people daily from the US and foreign delegations, and certify my friends and family about the experience. I particularly enjoyed the lecture by the researcher from the Human Genome Project. Because I have had less interest in biology in high school, I had not been following the updates on the Human Genome Project very carefully, and he summarized the project and also explained its deduction well. One of the aspects of the project that I found most matter to was the ability to cure diseases through the projects research. The speaker said that by first reproducing diseases, scientists would be on their way to curing them, and I had not realized the significance of the Human Genome Project in that respect. The lecture from the Australian professor, while not always aimed at as serious an audience as he was traffic with, was also interesting, and the video I took of him was one of the favorites of everyone I showed it to when I came back home. For me, the best part of the trip was the science and technology exhibition. Not many kids came to my exhibit, belike because it was just a computer screen without much on the board behind to attract attention. But I did talk to a group of perchance 15 students from a local school. They were interested at first in the contest I had participated in and in my web site and the process I had gone through to create it, but pretty soon they lost interest in that and became more concerned with my height. Like several other students I met, they all wanted photos to remember how much taller than them I was. But the most valuable part of the exhibition for me was walking around to other countries booths. When I asked the students to tell me about their projects, they were always happy to describe their work. What really impressed me was the pra cticality and creativeness of their projects, and that so many groups of students from so many different schools could come up with such great projects. I tried to take a photo or video of each project that was described for

Interrelation of Physical and Social Characteristics in Society :: Anthropology

Interrelation of Physical and Social Characteristics in SocietyCultures on this planet are infinitely diverse and quite antithetical from each other as well. Many of the customs and rituals that are practiced in the United States are diverse in nature as well, scarce are similar in more ways to each other than to cultures in other regions of the world. It seems that a great deal of a cultures core stems from their surrounding environment, and the pressures that this puts on those trying to live there. A cultures physical and social characteristics are interrelated, and play an authoritative role in the development of a society and the personalities of the people.Marriage, jobs, and politics are all areas of a culture that are influenced by a persons environment. In the U.S., monogamy is the normal structure of marriage, and is a logic choice considering the type of environment we live in. Independence training is emphasized to prepare people for obtaining the highest standard of life story in the U.S. Being better than another is important in this society, and is stressed to most people from a very early age. Living away from mavins parents is not only expected notwithstanding also often desired by both the child and the parents. Mobility is a huge factor in the work force, and the less one is tied down to, the easier it is to declare the necessary transitions. In other societies, forms of marriage other than monogamy make more sense, and make life easier. For example, the Kung San live together in small groups, in which everyone takes care of all the children, and much of life is not privately shielded from the group. Their openness and share-out of childcare and lifestyles is also portrayed in their food gathering activities. The villagers gather food and then distribute it to not only their own nuclear family, but to others as well. It would be too hard to survive on your own in this environment, so the group structure works well.Inheritanc e of lands and goods also plays an important role in the structuring of societies and families in other cultures outside of the U.S. Cultures such as the Inuit, Tibetans, and Marquesan Islanders of Polynesia, practice polyandry, the marriage of more than one man to a single woman. This is third estate for brothers who do not wish to divide up their fathers lands, so they will marry the same woman and both retain the wide-cut estate.

The Significance of Simons Death in Lord of the Flies Essay -- Englis

Explore the Significance of Simons Death in professional of the Flies.The characters in this invention are thrown into a world of their own withno parents, no structure or laws and no protection from their ownprimitive instincts. There are many ideas almost order of magnitude and the natureof man represent in the novel. The theme of inherent human evilbattling with essential human frankness, as represented by Simon. Hisbrutal finish by the other boys indicates the scarceness of thatgoodness amid an overwhelming abundance of evil. The death of Simon isa issueing point in Lord of the Flies. It represents the completionof their depravity from civilization to savagery.Simon is kind, thoughtful, sensitive, introvert and utile by naturehe has a friendly aura about him that is recognised by Ralf as soon asthey meet. Simon is used to represent what is good about the boys.Simon feels at home with the nature of the island, it seems to accepthim and he is in harmony with his surround ings. Simon exhibits anumber of contradictory characteristics. He is community spirited and stabilising when building the shelters with Ralf, yet on occasions issolitary and reclusive. He often walks alone at night through thehobo camp and does not share the boys underlying fear of the darkness. Heis described as Batty, queer and crackers by the other boys butquite what form this strangeness takes is never unfeignedly explicit. Ralphsits at the beach, thinking about his physical deterioration, as hisnails and hair had out-grown and are filthy and shabby. He realizesthat they lacked the basic elements of civilizations, showing how hehas become much more reflective over the item that their being rescuedseemed as far away as the miles ... ...ilisation andresponsibility. Golding uses Simon to show that when we are introuble, we are likely to turn on the people that we do notunderstand. Simon is unlike the others thoughtful, sensitive andintellectual, he is a rather mysterious chara cter who plays a key rolein the supernatural side of the story along with spooky noises fromthe jungle and his weird visions.After Simons death, any trace of rules and resemblance of societythat had been taken to the island had gone. This left the path open tothe sorry murder of piggy and the nett man hunt for Ralf. Simonsdeath is of utmost importance to the novel as a whole. It changes thestructure of the system of authority on the island and it removes theonly person who magnate reveal the fact that the beast is a figment oftheir imagination and so therefore ridding the island of the boysfear. The Significance of Simons Death in Lord of the Flies Essay -- EnglisExplore the Significance of Simons Death in Lord of the Flies.The characters in this story are thrown into a world of their own withno parents, no structure or laws and no protection from their ownprimitive instincts. There are many ideas about society and the natureof man represented in the novel. The th eme of inherent human evilbattling with essential human goodness, as represented by Simon. Hisbrutal murder by the other boys indicates the scarcity of thatgoodness amid an overwhelming abundance of evil. The death of Simon isa turning point in Lord of the Flies. It represents the completionof their degeneration from civilization to savagery.Simon is kind, thoughtful, sensitive, introvert and helpful by naturehe has a friendly aura about him that is recognised by Ralf as soon asthey meet. Simon is used to represent what is good about the boys.Simon feels at home with the nature of the island, it seems to accepthim and he is in harmony with his surroundings. Simon exhibits anumber of contradictory characteristics. He is community spirited andhelpful when building the shelters with Ralf, yet on occasions issolitary and reclusive. He often walks alone at night through thejungle and does not share the boys underlying fear of the darkness. Heis described as Batty, queer and crackers by t he other boys butquite what form this strangeness takes is never really explicit. Ralphsits at the beach, thinking about his physical deterioration, as hisnails and hair had out-grown and are filthy and shabby. He realizesthat they lacked the basic elements of civilizations, showing how hehas become much more reflective over the fact that their being rescuedseemed as far away as the miles ... ...ilisation andresponsibility. Golding uses Simon to show that when we are introuble, we are likely to turn on the people that we do notunderstand. Simon is unlike the others thoughtful, sensitive andintellectual, he is a rather mysterious character who plays a key rolein the supernatural side of the story along with spooky noises fromthe jungle and his weird visions.After Simons death, any trace of rules and resemblance of societythat had been taken to the island had gone. This left the path open tothe vicious murder of piggy and the final man hunt for Ralf. Simonsdeath is of utmost importan ce to the novel as a whole. It changes thestructure of the system of authority on the island and it removes theonly person who might reveal the fact that the beast is a figment oftheir imagination and so therefore ridding the island of the boysfear.

The Significance of Simons Death in Lord of the Flies Essay -- Englis

Explore the Significance of Simons end in Lord of the move.The characters in this story be thrown into a foundation of their own withno p atomic number 18nts, no structure or laws and no protection from their ownprimitive instincts. There are galore(postnominal) ideas about society and the geniusof man represented in the novel. The theme of inherent human evilbattling with essential human goodness, as represented by Simon. Hisbrutal attain by the other boys indicates the scarcity of thatgoodness amid an overwhelming abundance of evil. The death of Simon isa turning point in Lord of the Flies. It represents the completionof their degeneration from subtlety to savagery.Simon is kind, thoughtful, sensitive, introvert and helpful by naturehe has a friendly aura about him that is recognised by Ralf as soon asthey meet. Simon is utilise to represent what is good about the boys.Simon feels at home with the nature of the island, it seems to accepthim and he is in harmony with his su rroundings. Simon exhibits a trope of contradictory characteristics. He is connection spirited andhelpful when building the shelters with Ralf, yet on occasions issolitary and reclusive. He often walks alone at nighttime through thejungle and does non share the boys underlying fear of the darkness. Heis described as Batty, queer and crackers by the other boys butquite what form this curiousness takes is never really explicit. Ralphsits at the beach, thinking about his physical deterioration, as hisnails and hair had out-grown and are filthy and shabby. He realizesthat they lacked the basic elements of civilizations, showing how hehas make much more pensive over the fact that their being rescuedseemed as far away as the miles ... ...ilisation andresponsibility. Golding uses Simon to show that when we are introuble, we are likely to turn on the people that we do notunderstand. Simon is unlike the others thoughtful, sensitive andintellectual, he is a rather mysterious character who plays a find out rolein the charming side of the story along with spooky noises fromthe jungle and his weird visions.After Simons death, any trace of rules and resemblance of societythat had been taken to the island had gone. This left the raceway open tothe vicious murder of piggy and the final man hunt for Ralf. Simonsdeath is of utmost importance to the novel as a whole. It changes thestructure of the governing body of authority on the island and it removes the wholly person who might reveal the fact that the beast is a figment oftheir imagination and so therefore ridding the island of the boysfear. The Significance of Simons Death in Lord of the Flies Essay -- EnglisExplore the Significance of Simons Death in Lord of the Flies.The characters in this story are thrown into a world of their own withno parents, no structure or laws and no protection from their ownprimitive instincts. There are many ideas about society and the natureof man represented in the n ovel. The theme of inherent human evilbattling with essential human goodness, as represented by Simon. Hisbrutal murder by the other boys indicates the scarcity of thatgoodness amid an overwhelming abundance of evil. The death of Simon isa turning point in Lord of the Flies. It represents the completionof their degeneration from civilization to savagery.Simon is kind, thoughtful, sensitive, introvert and helpful by naturehe has a friendly aura about him that is recognised by Ralf as soon asthey meet. Simon is used to represent what is good about the boys.Simon feels at home with the nature of the island, it seems to accepthim and he is in harmony with his surroundings. Simon exhibits anumber of contradictory characteristics. He is community spirited andhelpful when building the shelters with Ralf, yet on occasions issolitary and reclusive. He often walks alone at night through thejungle and does not share the boys underlying fear of the darkness. Heis described as Batty, queer and c rackers by the other boys butquite what form this strangeness takes is never really explicit. Ralphsits at the beach, thinking about his physical deterioration, as hisnails and hair had out-grown and are filthy and shabby. He realizesthat they lacked the basic elements of civilizations, showing how hehas become much more reflective over the fact that their being rescuedseemed as far away as the miles ... ...ilisation andresponsibility. Golding uses Simon to show that when we are introuble, we are likely to turn on the people that we do notunderstand. Simon is unlike the others thoughtful, sensitive andintellectual, he is a rather mysterious character who plays a key rolein the supernatural side of the story along with spooky noises fromthe jungle and his weird visions.After Simons death, any trace of rules and resemblance of societythat had been taken to the island had gone. This left the path open tothe vicious murder of piggy and the final man hunt for Ralf. Simonsdeath is of utm ost importance to the novel as a whole. It changes thestructure of the system of authority on the island and it removes theonly person who might reveal the fact that the beast is a figment oftheir imagination and so therefore ridding the island of the boysfear.

Religion and Morality

Examine the views of scholars concerning the idea that religion and morality atomic number 18 linked. In this essay I am going to be looking at all the different view points on why some(a) people may think religion and morality are linked. I will discourse about a few things that link them such as conscience, divine command ethics, Kants view and Aquinas view.Many people believe that morality is based upon religion and the rules pen in the Bible and other holy books, although some say that religion is completely opposed to morality and it is wrong to mix the two. Some scholars believe on that point are three views on the relationship between religion and morality, one of them being that morality depends on religion. Religious leaders are expected to fork over extremely high standards of morality, R. B Braithwaite believes so, he states that to be religious and to make religious claims is to be committed to a set of moral values.Much religious linguistic process is the language of morality, and as we project seen religious believers have committed themselves to particular ways of behaving. Aquinas believed that if God exists morality exists and that God made umans only his image, when we are good, we are reflecting Gods image. He also believed that goodness on earth reflects on Gods morally good perfection, so because God made us based on his image, when we are good we are reflecting on his perfect image.However Kants view is the opposite to this, he believed that if morality exists God must exist and that the highest of good is perfection, although no one is perfect, which means no one can be as good or great as God because he has this perfect image, and no one is perfect so cannot live up to those expectations. Kants argument was that for the existence of God based on the xistence of morality There must be a holy author of the human being who makes possible the highest goods.Some people believe in Divine Command Ethics because they think that Gods au thority is absolute and final, and that human reason has no authority. God tells us how to live, obedience is commanded. Disobedience to the word of God is a sin. He also thinks that the existence of God is necessary for the summum borum (which is the highest for of good) to be achieved, and that the summum borum is not achievable in this life, and so the existence of God is necessary for the goal of morality to be realized. Another is that morality is independent of religion.Freud believed the conscience is a moral policeman. The internalized super-ego that controls and socializes human moral behavior. exposed of doing much damage to our mental health. Some people believe conscience has no supernatural origin, it is the product of how people are brought up. Parents and teachers, teach us salutary and wrong and we are effected by the environment we are brought up in. Everyones conscience is different depending on what they were taught and how they were raised and children, meanin g they believe different things, and have different view points.Religion and morality is also linked by religious influences on moral matters. For example, a US abortion rights group nave angered some conservative Christian groups by selling condom key rings that have a picture of Michelangelds Sistine chapel, with God handing Adam a condom. The president of the Christian group said this does nothing to deal with the horrific promiscuity rate we have among teenagers. We believe the real approach particularly to the young people that this is targeted at is abstinence before marriage.

Hrm 556

Course Human Resources Management 346 Assignment Integration and Application Questions (1-4) Week 4 Name Date January 30, 2010 1(a) Which company do you think needs to be more concerned about recruiting? Why? After reading twain endogenetic cases I feel that Lincoln needs to be the just about concerned with recruiting. Lincoln Electric alone post for entry level position outwardly this does not help them to build enough brand recognition within the communities that they serve.When an administration has strong brand recognition they are satisfactory to generate a large applicant f emit. For example, 2006, Southwest hired 3,633 people, but received 280,000 applications. 1(b) What should be the objectives of each companys recruiting efforts? Relate the recruiting objectives to each companys strategical objective. The objectives for SWA should be to keep the focus on maintaining the reputation for having an employee friendly culture. This will continue to help SWA attract and ret ain employee friendly applicants/employees.Lincoln Electric on the former(a) hand, needs to do a little more work with their recruiting process. I do not feel that it is wise to solely rely on get up from within strategy to fill skill positions. I slang seen this happen in a previous organization that I worked for, they only hired externally for entry level positions. The promotion from within did improve employee morale however it did not help sometimes when we had to select from our internal candidates for management positions that did not inescapably form the skills for. Leadership skills can not be taught.However, I do believe they can be improved by further training. 1(c) Which company is most likely to have the most difficult time creating a large pool of qualified applicants? Explain your reasoning. I feel that Lincoln Electric would have the most difficulty in creating a large pool of applicants. Lincoln Electric posts every job opening internally which limits the organi zation to their internal workforce only. With this being the process I do not feel that this allows the organization the opportunity to build brand recognition in the community.In addition, the only jobs that they permit for external hiring is for entry level positions. Even though they have great success in the Cleveland market yielding low turnover evaluate of less than four percent high employee and customer satisfaction they will need to revisit their current recruitment strategy to prepare for future ripening. In addition, it was mentioned that they experienced some challenges when they expanded operations globally and in other markets outside of Cleveland with recruitment. (d) For each company, describe the practices that are most likely to influence employee turnover. Does low turnover contribute to the success of these companies? Explain For Southwest Airlines the forces that have led to SWs turnover is possibly due to employing those that are not a good fit into the compa nys culture. SW places a lot of emphasis on delivering superior customer service and for every employee to deliver on a daily basis can be challenging. Lincoln Electric turnover would probably be due to the number of internal candidates that compete for growth opportunities.I feel that once an employee who is seeking greater responsibility does not get it they will eventually leave. Furthermore, I do think that because of the low turnover for both companys it has afforded them the opportunity to be successful in their perspective industry. Whenever any company experience low turnover they are always able to maintain productivity, customer satisfaction and maintain positive employee morale. In addition, when turnover is high they lose productivity first, they have to replace that exiting employee and then second they have to get the new employee trained which takes time.

Small Bussnes Ganha

Tourism alteration handicraft owners indicated factors such as maintaining lifestyle, creation their own bosses, capitalizing on a byplay opportunity, generation of retirement income influence the decision to own/operate a piffling touristry adaption businesses. These variables can be categorized as non- scotch and scotch factors. It was found that though the owners were motivated by commercial enterprise goals, these are subordinated to the pursuit of socially driven lifestyle motivation factors.Small touristry registration business owners in gold coast perceive the non- availability of skilled cordial reception personnel and limited access to structured capitalist training programmed as the great contest facing their manufacture. Key Words Ghana, Small Tourism modification businesses, motivations, challenges INTRODUCTION Ghana has designated its touristry assiduity as one of the new growth sphere of influences for economic knowledge, employment generation and po verty reduction in its development framework document (growth and poverty reduction strategy (GAPS II, 2005).This development framework recognizes the touristry industry in Ghana as a growing, vibrant and dynamic one with a great potential for job creation. Ghana, like many sub-Sahara countries, has in the first place an rural economy and produces few exportable services. Tourism has been identified as one area that can bring improvements in the services orbit of the economy. In late(a) years on that point has been an expansion of investments in the tourism industry, especially the midget tourism accommodation businesses sector.The total tot of registered tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana as at 201 2 was 1,838. Compared to 420 and 1992. Of the 1838 hotel stock as at 2012, 69% can be class as vitiated tourism accommodation enterprises establish on guestroom capacity of 15. Currently tourism is the fourth- jumbost foreign-exchange earner in Ghana after old and cocoa a nd foreign remittances. International tourist arrivals uprise from 698,069 in 2008 to I in 201 1 with corresponding receipts from LOS$ 1. 4 Billion to CSS$ 2. Billion various(prenominal)ly, speckle direct and indirect jobs created by the sector change magnitude from 234, 679 to 330, 514 during the extent (GTAG, 2012). The government of Ghana acknowledges that accommodation businesses sector is an important part Of the Ghana tourism industry (NNTP, 1995) and has identified tourism accommodation businesses as catalysts for tourism development and by extension for the economic growth of the country as he industry is a study source of income and employment. The accommodation business sector in Ghana is 1 00 percent private sector owned and it characterized by many independent businesses.According to a recent survey, 69% of all tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana comport less(prenominal) than 15 guestrooms and 88% of all tourism 2223-XX Copyright 0 2014 AUGHT Open Access- O nline http// accommodation businesses catch less than 25 guestrooms and only 3 percent of these tourism accommodation businesses discombobulate more than 50 rooms (Mechanics, 2011 GET, 2012). The tourism accommodation businesses landscape fleets a large number of lower rated businesses, especially those in the budget category, 68%, which are typically weakened family owned and operated establishments.The rapid growth in the number of low-spirited tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana and the role they play in the promotion of tourism makes it imperative for a better catch of the drivers in the sector. Interestingly, ecumenic the tourism and hospitality industries are characterized by many delicate business firms but in the main, research in the tourism accommodation business sector has pore more often than not on large tourism accommodation business chains. Invariably, not much research attention has been given to small independent especially those in ontogeny count ries such as Ghana.Although there is a growing body of high quality small business literature, much of it is general and few studies have center on small businesses (Thomas, 1998). Majority of research on small firms has focuse on the personal attributes, motivations and practices of entrepreneurs and other economic and socio-demographic factors that affect small firms in general. It is generally acknowledged that sector differences play an important part in explaining the operations of small genuineness (Thomas, 1998) and the tourism accommodation business sector leave alone benefit from such recognition with a sector focused research.Whiles many tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana can generally be classified as small firms, they have peculiar characteristics that need to be given an adequate amount of attention if we are to get a better arrangement of how they operate. This paper examines the motivations and challenges of small tourism accommodation business owners in Gh ana to get a better understanding of these factors. The outcome of the research allow for leave polity makers insights can influence their support aerogramme for an efficient development of the tourism industry.LITERATURE REVIEW Defining Small Tourism accommodation businesses Morrison (1996) argues that traditionally the tourism industry has been dominated by small businesses and this still remains true. Globally, a common feature of businesses in the hospitality and tourism industry is that greater percentages, (95 percent), are small firms (See, Curran 1 996 Ashley and Rawson, 2006). This assertion holds in Ghana where 97 percent of all tourism firms are classified as small (NNTP, 2012).Small tourism accommodation businesses are a component of small tourism and capitalist firms, which can be classified as small businesses. However, what constitutes a small business is a major challenge in the SEEM (small and medium enterprises) literature (Curran & Storey, 1993). This is acknow ledged by Morrison, (1996) who states that the term small businessmen is a difficult one to define. To date, there is no agreement in the literature about how small firms should be defined.The heterogeneity of small firms, their characteristics and global variety has led to it being defined in several(prenominal) ways. Storey (1994) concluded that there is no single, uniformly acceptable commentary of a small firm. Several researchers have made significant efforts at delimitate small firms (See for example, Marked 1983 Gangly 1 985 Curran and Blackburn 1 991 GOES 1991 storey 1 994 Thomas 1 AAA, Addressed 1 999 Decker, Schaefer and Blander, 2006) but there is no consensus on these definitions. Existence of the numerous definitions of small firms has been attributed to the failure of most research to adequately identify the nature Of small firms leading to 2 various definitions being used in different research contexts. Storey (1994) is of the view that these various grounded defi ne actions have been used according to he particular sector, geographic or other contexts in which the small firm is being examined. Curran et al. 19863) refer to the great deal of agonizing over the issue of definition by small businesses by researchers such as Bolton (1971 Banks and strobile (1983) and Curran and Stonewort (1 984), from which no satisfactory solutions have emerged. One reason for such diverse definitions relates to size and sector differences of small firms. Definitions at sector level which relate three-figure measures Of size, such as number of employees, sales turnover, profitability and net worth, may mean that in some sectors all firms may be regarded as small, while in other sectors there are possibly no firms which are small.Burns (2001, p 8) argues, being a small firm is not just about size defined in simple statistical terms and that small firms also have other important formation characteristics. These need to be considered to have a full appreciatio n of a small firm. Existing literature on tourism and hospitality are not clear on definitions of small tourism and hospitality firm leading to various definitions being considered by various researches.Curran & Storey (1993) in making a case for defining small ours and hospitality firms differently, stated that though studies of small firms in the tourism and hospitality industry reflect a liberal example of the term small firma to that found in the general small business literature it is important to highlight the principal features of these definitions as they affect tourism and hospitality firms. There is the effect that service firms are better understood if their distinctiveness from manufacturing firms is recognized (Voss et al. 1988). The definition of small tourism and hospitality firms therefore must be informed by a comity of what makes small tourism ND hospitality firms different from other small enterprises. The above notwithstanding, in developing a definition for s mall tourism and hospitality firms, which includes small (STABs), it is important that the definition be both comparable to other industries, while at the same time reflecting the unique characteristics of the tourism and hospitality industry (Morrison and Conway 2007).Beaver (2002) is of similar view and states that small firm definitions may need to incorporate the specific nature and context of respective industrial sectors if they are to be meaningful. Although defining small tourism and capitalist firms along tangible measures such as number of rooms and employees are essential, the intangible asset and soft features inherent in small firm ownership and management in general and at sector levels also needs some consideration if a meaningful definition is to be derived (Burns, 2001).Small Bussnes GanhaTourism accommodation business owners indicated factors such as maintaining lifestyle, being their own bosses, capitalizing on a business opportunity, generation of retirement i ncome influence the decision to own/operate a small tourism accommodation businesses. These variables can be categorized as non-economic and economic factors. It was found that though the owners were motivated by commercial enterprise goals, these are subordinated to the pursuit of socially driven lifestyle motivation factors.Small tourism accommodation business owners in Ghana perceive the non- availability of skilled hospitality personnel and limited access to structured capitalist training programmed as the greatest challenge facing their industry. Key Words Ghana, Small Tourism accommodation businesses, motivations, challenges INTRODUCTION Ghana has designated its tourism industry as one of the new growth sectors for economic development, employment generation and poverty reduction in its development framework document (growth and poverty reduction strategy (GAPS II, 2005).This development framework recognizes the tourism industry in Ghana as a growing, vibrant and dynamic one w ith a great potential for job creation. Ghana, like many sub-Sahara countries, has primarily an agrarian economy and produces few exportable services. Tourism has been identified as one area that can bring improvements in the services sector of the economy. In recent years there has been an expansion of investments in the tourism industry, especially the small tourism accommodation businesses sector.The total number of registered tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana as at 201 2 was 1,838. Compared to 420 and 1992. Of the 1838 hotel stock as at 2012, 69% can be classified as small tourism accommodation enterprises based on guestroom capacity of 15. Currently tourism is the fourth-largest foreign-exchange earner in Ghana after old and cocoa and foreign remittances. International tourist arrivals rose from 698,069 in 2008 to 1 in 201 1 with corresponding receipts from ISIS 1. 4 Billion to CSS$ 2. Billion respectively, while direct and indirect jobs created by the sector increased from 234, 679 to 330, 514 during the period (GTAG, 2012). The government of Ghana acknowledges that accommodation businesses sector is an important part Of the Ghana tourism industry (NNTP, 1995) and has identified tourism accommodation businesses as catalysts for tourism development and by extension for the economic growth of the country as he industry is a major source of income and employment. The accommodation business sector in Ghana is 1 00 percent private sector owned and it characterized by many independent businesses.According to a recent survey, 69% of all tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana have less than 15 guestrooms and 88% of all tourism 2223-XX Copyright 0 2014 AUGHT Open Access- Online http// accommodation businesses have less than 25 guestrooms and only 3 percent of these tourism accommodation businesses have more than 50 rooms (Mechanics, 2011 GET, 2012). The tourism accommodation businesses landscape fleets a large number of lower rated businesses, especi ally those in the budget category, 68%, which are typically small family owned and operated establishments.The rapid growth in the number of small tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana and the role they play in the promotion of tourism makes it imperative for a better understanding of the drivers in the sector. Interestingly, worldwide the tourism and hospitality industries are characterized by many small firms but generally, research in the tourism accommodation business sector has focused mostly on large tourism accommodation business chains. Invariably, not much research attention has been given to small independent especially those in developing countries such as Ghana.Although there is a growing body of high quality small business literature, much of it is general and few studies have focused on small businesses (Thomas, 1998). Majority of research on small firms has focused on the personal attributes, motivations and practices of entrepreneurs and other economic and socio- demographic factors that affect small firms in general. It IS generally acknowledged that sector differences play an important part in explaining the operations of small genuineness (Thomas, 1 998) and the tourism accommodation business sector will benefit from such recognition with a sector focused research.Whiles many tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana can generally be classified as small firms, they have peculiar characteristics that need to be given an adequate amount of attention if we are to get a better understanding of how they operate. This paper examines the motivations and challenges of small tourism accommodation business owners in Ghana to get better understanding of these factors. The outcome of the research will offer policy makers insights can influence heir support programmed for an efficient development of the tourism industry.LITERATURE REVIEW Defining Small Tourism accommodation businesses Morrison (1996) argues that traditionally the tourism industry has been dominated by small businesses and this still remains true. Globally, a common feature of businesses in the hospitality and tourism industry is that greater percentages, (95 percent), are small firms (See, Curran 1 996 Lassies and Rawson, 2006). This assertion holds in Ghana where 97 percent of all tourism firms are classified as small (NNTP, 2012).Small tourism accommodation businesses re a component of small tourism and hospitality firms, which can be classified as small businesses. However, what constitutes a small business is a major challenge in the SEEM (small and medium enterprises) literature (Curran & Storey, 1993). This is acknowledged by Morrison, (1996) who states that the term small business is a difficult one to define. To date, there is no agreement in the literature about how small firms should be defined.The heterogeneity of small firms, their characteristics and global variety has led to it being defined in several ways. Storey (1994) concluded that there is no ingle, uniformly acceptable definition of a small firm. Several researchers have made significant efforts at defining small firms (See for example, Marked 1983 Gangly 1 985 Curran and Blackburn 1 991 GOES 1991 storey 1 994 Thomas 1 AAA, Addressed 1 999 Decker, Schaefer and Blander, 2006) but there is no consensus on these definitions. Existence of the numerous definitions of small firms has been attributed to the failure of most research to adequately identify the nature Of small firms leading to 2 various definitions being used in different research contexts. Storey (1994) is of the IEEE that these various grounded define actions have been used according to the particular sector, geographic or other contexts in which the small firm is being examined. Curran et al. 19863) refer to the great deal of agonizing over the issue of definition by small businesses by researchers such as Bolton (1971 Banks and Cone (1983) and Curran and Stonewort (1 984), from which no satisfactory solutio ns have emerged. One reason for such diverse definitions relates to size and sector differences of small firms. Definitions at sector level which relate quantitative measures Of size, such as number of employees, sales remover, profitability and net worth, may mean that in some sectors all firms may be regarded as small, while in other sectors there are possibly no firms which are small.Burns (2001, p 8) argues, being a small firm is not just about size defined in simple statistical terms and that small firms also have other important defining characteristics. These need to be considered to have a full appreciation of a small firm. Existing literature on tourism and hospitality are not clear on definitions of small tourism and hospitality firm leading to various definitions being considered by various researches.Curran & Storey (1993) in making a case for defining small tourism and hospitality firms differently, stated that though studies of small firms in the tourism and hospitalit y industry reflect a liberal usage of the term small firma to that found in the general small business literature it is important to highlight the principal features of these definitions as they affect tourism and hospitality firms. There is the opinion that service firms are better understood if their distinctiveness from manufacturing firms is recognized (Voss et al. 1988). The definition of small tourism and hospitality firms Hereford must be informed by a consideration of what makes small tourism and hospitality firms different from other small enterprises. The above notwithstanding, in developing a definition for small tourism and hospitality firms, which includes small (STABs), it is important that the definition be both comparable to other industries, while at the same time reflecting the unique characteristics of the tourism and hospitality industry (Morrison and Conway 2007).Beaver (2002) is of similar view and states that small firm definitions may need to incorporate the specific nature and context of respective industrial sectors if they are to be meaningful. Although defining small tourism and hospitality firms along tangible measures such as number of rooms and employees are essential, the intangible and qualitative features inherent in small firm ownership and management in general and at sector levels also needs some consideration if a meaningful definition is to be derived (Burns, 2001).Such intangible and qualitative features include lifestyle business motivations that have been identified in relation to micro and small-scale tourism firms (Locker and Morrison, 1999 Buick et al. , 2000 Get and Carlson, 2000 Kampala, 2004). From this perspective, qualitative social rewards may be priorities over those of a quantitatively defined economic nature (Appleton et al. , 2004). Thus, Morrison and Conway (2007) argue that any meaningful definition of small tourism and hospitality firms need the recognition, justification and combination of the associat ed quantifiable and qualified features.

Eragon Essay

Often, heroic characters have to wanton away tough choices in life occasionally, the result of said choices is not to the individuals benefit, but the come out of the closetcome may bring joy to other bulks lives. In Christopher Paolinis Eragon, coincidences, decisions, and desires combine to change Eragons life forever. Eragon is a hard working uprise son who shows a great deal of patience, h mavinsty, and curiosity. He showcases these skills when hunting for food, and by coincidence he discovers a mysterious blue st superstar which he decides, out of curiosity, to take home with him.This egg, which happens to hatch into a flying dragon this discovery becomes a turning point in Eragons life and he knows it could enable his way out of a long and tedious life. In fact, Eragons decision to keep and ultimately advert the dragon triggers his transformation from a boy to a dragon rider forever altering his mess, he will have to travel and meet new people. He will have to make sacr ifices and must accept the consequences to bring peace to Alagaesia and he will make the inevitable choice of raising this dragon (Saphira) and training himself and his dragon to kill the Razac and overthrow the Empire.In this commitment, Eragon shows that a point in a persons life where an event dramatically changes who or what he/she will become. Eragons decisions bring consequences and responsibilities compel him to fight for something in life and stand up for what one believes in. People female genitals lead their lives one way and know what their destiny might be, only to have coincidences alter their lives for the better, or the worst. As Eragons quest begins he shows how any person with desire, passion, and hard work kitty read himself to be a man of honour, and bravery.Coincidences can lead someone to meet different people, and see new places. A persons life can ultimately be altered because of one coincidence and can change the course of his/her life in a good or bad way . Eragons life takes a dramatic turn after coincidently finding the egg while hunting for food, for his family. later finding the egg and realizing it is a dragon Eragon knows he has to do what he was destined to do train Saphira and overthrow the Empire. He raced home, trying to escape the dragon my dragon (pg. 6)This mindset of Eragon shows that as frequently as he wants to escape the dragon, he cant because he has made a extra bond with the dragon and will inevitably raise her as his own, and because Eragons eye that catches the stone in the forest leads him to become the next dragon rider and to overthrow the evil reign of King Galbatorix. excessively by coincidence, there is a story teller (Brom) who lives in Eragons village who has a great deal of knowledge about dragons and magic, and decides to aid Eragon in his journey.After Eragon is aware that Brom is willing to care him, this pushes Eragon to make the decision and to take the responsibility as the next dragon rider. Eragon learns a great deal from Brom, who becomes one of his closest friends who also ends up being a dragon rider many years ago. Being the good friends they become Brom aids him and Eragon has the knowledge and enduringness to defeat Durza (Galbatorixs Shade). When captured by the Razac and almost being killed, another coincidence occurs when a mysterious figure scares away the Razac saving Eragons, Broms and Saphiras lives.This mysterious person, whose name is Murtagh, also joins Eragon in his journey and assists him in killing the Razac. This coincidence results in Murtagh saving Eragons life and go along their journey, as well finding a helper in Murtagh to support him in his journey. Who are you? Murtagh (pg. 268) Not only does Murtagh save their lives but he plays a big role in helping Eragon, but shows how without Murtagh he would not make it as far as he did. Knowing Brom dies shortly after) devising a decision can alter someones life forever, and there is no going bac k especially when the decisions affects other peoples lives as well, making the decisions irreversible.Eragon makes the decision to keep the egg and when it hatches and to raise Saphira as his own, this leads to the Razac coming to his doorstep and killing his uncle. This is a significant event because Eragons uncle was practically his father and making the decision to keep the egg results in his uncles dying, and without him he feels lost however, the bond he creates with Saphira is so immense, that only death can break it.The Empire is alerted that Eragon has the egg, and the send the Razac to retrieve the egg back for the King. Making the decision to keep the egg is what instigates his entire journey and creates that special bond with his dragon. Eragon makes the decision to pursue the killers to avenge his uncles death and to bring peace to Alagaesia. He changes his life by pursuing the Razac wanting the cheer of doing to the Razac what they did to his uncle and feeling obliga ted to his uncle for all that he has done in his life to apprehend the murderers What do you want me to do ursue the strangers? (pg. 92)He asks this of Saphira, who agrees with Eragon to pursue the strangers. With this one decision of following the killers, he changes his life dramatically and if he succeeds, he can change everybodys life for the better. Eragon decides that he cannot continue his journey without more(prenominal) help, so he travels to the Beor Mountains to seek help from the Varden, a rebellious group also against the Empire. After Brom dies, Murtagh helps him however, this is not enough after he knows he has as well as many enemies Urgals, the Razac and Durza the shade. It is a desperate path to take We are desperate (pg. 320).This decision is a great benefit to Eragon because he gets all the help he needs, meets the person who has been in his dreams in Arya (an elf from the Varden who is trapped) and eventually kills Durza. When a person desires something in li fe, he/she will do whatever it takes to achieve it, sometimes the desire is so strong that is can change someones life. Eragon has a desire to avenge his Uncle Garrows death after the Razac savagely murders him. This eventually changes his life, because of chasing the killers. And what would give him more satisfaction than hunting down the strangers? (pg. 93) He asks Saphira how he can satisfy himself, then realizes hunting them down and killing them would be the only way to achieve total satisfaction for his burning desire to avenge his uncle as well as finally feeling the sense of doing of the commitment he made.Eragon has a desire to become the very best he can at magic, and swordsmanship, this pushes him to become the best so he can fend off for himself and not rely on others to help him. It is time for you to use the blade Well cut each other to ribbons Not so. Again you stymy magic (pg. 159) This is when Eragon and Brom have their daily sparring, where Brom teaches Eragon h ow to fight with a sword and magic, his desire to become the best shows when he wants to learn something new every time they spar. After seeing Arya imprisoned in his dreams, he is determined and has a desire to rescue her. Arya, who ends up being the elf that sent the egg to Eragon in the start place. I expect the queens hostility will abate.The fact you rescued Arya will greatly help our case with her (pg. 410) The queen is somewhat against having a dragon rider joining the Varden, but because he had a desire to rescue her and risked his life saving Arya, the queen allows Eragon to join. Sometimes in life people have to make tough choices that will positively or negatively affect others around them. The choices we make can change our and other peoples lives forever, there are many things that may change how our life is played out, coincidences, decisions, and desires just being a few.

Trace the roots of conflict in Syria. Which theory of international relations can be applied to understand this concept? Justify your answer.

AbstractSyria represents an interesting opportunity for Inter subject field Relations because of the nature of the conflict representing ii conflicting ideologies, namely naturalism and revolutionism. The need for intervention by the worldwide community is clear, with peace negotiations consistently failing. This paper investigates the nature of the conflict as resulting from a complex set of socio-economic factors, compounded by authoritarian endure by the demesne. International dealings can be used as a suppositional explanation to determine the role in that locationof in aiding the passive re ascendent of the conflict.IntroductionThe world currently appears to be in a constant state of conflict with ongoing wars worldwide, some garnering much media attention than others. magic F. Kennedy was famously quoted as saying that there is another kind of war b atomic number 18-ass in its intensity, ancient in its origin carried out by guerrillas, subversives, insurgents and assassins, in which we yield to achieve victory and eroding the enemy instead of challenging him. It leverages the discontent. Syria is an example of this kind of war, where conflict began years ago, horizontaltually trans blueprinting into a well-behaved war. The opposition fought against the adulterate government army leading to large numbers of polishedian casualties. Various theories of international relations (IR) are applicable to the conflict in order to commiserate the nature of the war surrounded by rebels and the national authoritarian system. This essay aims to apply IR surmise to the Syrian conflict to gain a deeper understanding of the theoretical aspects and the conflict respectively. The proposed theoretical application includes interventionism and the triad traditions theory. The underlying cause of the conflict is a complex set of factors, including semipolitical repression, an uneven economy, corruption and a laborious drought, and for the purposes of IR , certain countries have an interest in ensuring that the situation in Syria remains contained with support being given to both sides of the conflict. Through application of the theory to the substance of the conflict, the relevance thereof allow be clear.History and Background of the ConflictThe reigning political system in Syria began in the 1970s with the Bashar family, who has historically rule through pressure and extreme authoritarianism. The current leader, Bashar al-Assad acceded leadership in 2000 relying on armed oppression and intelligence apparatus provided by the Baath Party as surface as leading business families (Manfreda, 2012). With the ruling government controlling the media and indeed controlling the information available, the opposition demanded the downfall of the ruling party and a new beginning for Syria contained in the Damascus Declaration of 2005 (Efrat, 2012). The conflict in Syria began in 2000 where there was a growing expectation of political and social change adjacent the death of Hafez al-Assad. The authorities monopoly of boththing has established an authoritarian, totalitarian and cliquish governance that has led to a wish of politics in society, an economic collapse and exacerbating crises of every kind (Efrat, 2012).The expectation of the people was that this authoritarian rule would end with Hafezs death. However, ruling power remained concentrated in the Bashar family, compounding the already corrupt political repression of Syria.Living conditions continued to worsen and despite widespread objection to the state, many genteelians accepted the regime for fear of further uncivilised oppression. This social situation was exacerbated by a persistent drought, which all but destroyed the agricultural sector with particularly bad conditions in northern Syria. This in turn saw a significant reduction in the GDP of the country and widespread migration to cities away from rural industry (Efrat, 2012). With the deteriora ting prevailing socio-economic conditions, civilians began using new media as a elbow room of organizing themselves politically in order to have their opinions heard, demanding real reforms (Efrat, 2012). The combination of economic, political and natural resources factors in Syria is not favourable for a positive societal outcome. A risk assessment for the country is classified CC for Sovereign risk, currency risk, banking-sector risk, economic structure and D for political risk (EIU, 2012). With the rising intensity of the civil war, more extensive international sanctions put pressure on public finances and sanctions on the Central Bank of Syria continue to depreciate the currency even further (EIU, 2012). Further economic decline is experienced through the reliance on cover exports which has led to a partial crash of financial markets, as the E.U has imposed an embargo on oil exports from Syria which has led to a resultant minimizing of oil production. Previously, Europe has pu rchased over 95% of the total oil exports in Syria and therefore this embargo has had a significantly negative effect on the economy. This has led to a decline in investment in the country as companies investment in oil exports in Syria face legal consequences (Blas, 2012). Stocks have seen massive decline in recent years with over half the value being lost this year along (Legget, et al., 2009).The conflict has seen several phases over the years and is constantly evolving. However, these changes have effectively seen a concentration of wealth in the ruling family, and their cronies and allies, effectively further disenfranchising the population. The situation has deteriorated to such an extent that ideological differences have resulted in a constant violence with no clear diplomatic solution which has led to an increased involvement by the international community.International RelationsArguably, there are a number of theoretical concerns in IR that are applicable to the conflict i n Syria. These are applicable as a means of deepening the current understanding of the conflict, which may lead to the development of an trustworthy solution. As the world moves towards globalization, IR becomes more important and one can argue that these represent the need to have firm principles to regulate and balance competing interests between nations, as well as competing interests at bottom a particular nation, such as Syria. IR however plays a broader global role in ensuring that relations between countries are kept at a diplomatic level for the greater good of all countries in the international community (Goldstein, 2007).The troika traditions theory is of obvious relevance to the Syrian conflict because of the duality between realism and revolutionism in the conflict. Wight (1991) argues that all leading ideologies in IR fall within the three traditions of realism, rationalism or revolutionism. Realism includes ideologies such as anarchy, power politics, conflict, warfa re and pessimism, whilst diametrically opposed to this is revolutionism which includes perspectives of humanity, revolutionary change, anti-state beliefs and utopianism. Rationalism falls between these two extremes and essentially for the purposes of IR, these theories are to an extent co-dependent as they are incomplete in isolation and are complimentary as traditions rather than exclusive (Dunne, 1993). Arguably therefore, there is a need for a balance of these traditions, and a society which is based on either extreme is one that will necessarily breed conflict.The three traditions theory sees application in the Syrian context, particularly when recalling the conflict of ideology between the ruling regime and the opposition. Realism as the dominant ideology of the Bashar regime is the disciplining factor in Syria with the opposition representing the revolutionary tradition. The state arguably represents an extreme realist perspective, with complete ignorance of the international community and the assertion that they exist as a main(a) state in isolation refusing to acknowledge accountability in the international community. Realists emphasize elements of anarchy, power politics and warfare (Wight, 1991), pessimistic of human nature and consumptive of the less powerful. This is a growing trend in the Syrian conflict, with an increasing disregard for the welfare of the people in Syria for financial advantage of the ruling family (Taylor, 2012). enemy forces contradict the realist tradition by the propulsion of revolutionist ideology, setting goals for the freedom and fulfillment of humans. Revolutionists argue that in order to do this, the class system involve to be overthrown with a classless society established (Marx, 1967). By abolishing a classless society, humans would again be united and there would be no need for states or international relations. To an extreme, revolutionist ideas see humankind at the center, claiming a world society inclusive of e veryone. The existence of these two ideological extremes represents the superlative roadblock in the resolution of the Syrian conflict, which necessitates the need for international intervention, because of a lack of willingness to compromise between the state and the opposition. Again, this represents the applicability of the three traditions theory, as arguably the presence of the international community in the resolution of the conflict represents the rational tradition presence. This means that there will be a compromise between the controllers of the state resources, i.e. the state on the one hand, and domestic society on the other, as represented by the opposition.The consequence of a dominant realist ideology is that the state will not participate in IR unless it represents a substantial investment in state outcomes, essentially meaning that the Syrian government will not engage in treaties that are not specifically to their advantage. A shift in favour of the domestic popul ation removing state power arguably is not in the interests of a realist ideology and therefore will not be respected for the purposes of IR. Syria can be described as a fragile post-colonial state, categorized by a defective economy, a lack of coherent national economy and lack of sustaining basic levels of welfare and resources provided to the population (Saul, 1974). The Syrian people in rural areas have an extremely low standard of living, concentrated on traditional, yet defective agriculture and significant dependence on world markets and external economic interests. There is little state legitimacy as a result of inefficient and corrupt administration with a lack of concern for public opinion about the government and no significant efforts made to increase the perception of state legitimacy. Post-colonial states have often shown vulnerability towards violent conflicts as a result of corrupt state institutions, authoritarian rule and the use of natural resources as a means of funding the economy without difference of opinion of the national population and as a result, spiraling socio-economic conditions with no clear agenda for improvement thereof. This has plagued developing nations globally and is referred to as the resource curse. The presence of IR in these conflicts essentially forms a middle ground for the establishment of legitimate state institutions in order to mediate the extremes of realist and revolutionist ideological differences.In appurtenance to the three traditions theory, interventionism also adds depth to the conflict. Interactions with Saudi Arabia, Russia, USA, France and Britain have arguably been aimed at the manipulation of the economy, society or affairs of another nature in Syria. With the civil war in Syria, both sides of the conflict have been receiving aid from external parties. Saudi Arabia for example supports the opposition with speculation that it is a means of breaking international relations between the Islamic Repub lic of Iran and Syria. In doing so, they are ensuring that the balance of power does not benefit Iran, using their oil wealth to arm the Syrian opposition, although not directly involving themselves in the conflict (Manfreda, 2012). On the other hand, the Syrian government benefits from a relationship with Russia, where the Russian government provides weapons in the name of national defense and security. Incidences in international affairs has seen Russia and China using their veto power in the United Nations Security Council to prevent a resolution condemning the Syrian government for violent suppression of anti-government protests (Grand control, 2012).Despite aid being used as a form of international political leverage, Syria has also assemble itself at the centre of international relations for the purpose of maintaining some measure of international diplomacy and peace measures, where they have been forced into quasi-peace agreements. In 2005, France and USA pressured the Syr ian army to withdraw troops from Lebanon. More recently the United Kingdom and the United States of America, amongst other Western states have been increasingly intervening in the civil war providing aid in the form of communications, logistics and advice. The expectation however is that the involvement in the conflict will develop into more active intervention, such as the United Kingdom asking Syrian rebels to set out a vision for how a post-Assad Syria could be governed (Blitz, 2012).ConclusionIt is clear that interventionism exists as a form of IR with regards to Syria for two apparent reasons. The first is to gain some form of political advantage, although arguably this is a secondary concern as the situation becomes more severe. These countries are therefore intervening in the conflict through provision of aid as a means of gaining some form of international negociate power to shape future international relations. The second concern, which arguably forms the basis of Western intervention is in the interests of the international community generally, namely the protection of smooth relations in international affairs. Although the effectiveness of these measures remains to be seen, clearly there is no obvious solution to the conflict in Syria, and to the extent that the three traditions theory remains without a complimentary equilibrium and as a result IR is used to provide the diplomatic compromise between realism and revolutionism, it is arguable that without IR peaceful compromise will never be reached. Although it is not clear whether IR will provide an equitable solution to this conflict, it is intelligible that the opposition and state forces in Syria are unable to reach a solution internally and the only realistic solution therefore is reliant on IR theory to attempt to resolve the conflict in the absence of any other practical solution.BibliographyBlas, J.(2012). EU ban forces Syria to cut down oil production. online Available http//www.ft.com/cm s/s/0/c9d67952-e823-11e0-9fc7-00144feab49a.htmlaxzz2CbUQfxlZ. Accessed 3 November 2012Blitz, J. (2012) UK asks Syrian rebels to set out vision. The Financial Times Online online Available http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b17d1b50-301f-11e2-891b-00144feabdc0.htmlaxzz2DLXN4VjY Accessed 5 November 2012Dunne, T. (1993) Mythology or MethodologyTraditions in International Theory. Review of International Studies, Vol 19, pp. 305 318Efrat, Y. (2012) The roots of the Syrian Uprising. online Available http//www.challenge-mag.com/en/article296/the-roots-of-the-syrian-uprising.htm. Accessed 2 November 2012Goldstein, J. (2007) Core Principles of International Relations Theory. online Available http//www.joshuagoldstein.com/jgcore.htm Accessed 5 November 2012Grand View (2012) The Reasons why Russia Supports Syria online Available http//grandviewinkiev.com/the-reasons-why-russia-supports-syria Accessed 5 November 2012Leggett, K., Solomon, J. and King, N. (2006) On the Borderline Threat of Wider Mideast W ar Grows Israel Blames Iran, Syria for Backing Hezbollah as fighting escalates Tough Choices for Washington. Wall Street Journal.Malas, n. (2012) clutch on Syrian Opposition Town Kills Score. Wall Street Journal Online onlineManfreda, P. (2012) Current Situation in Syria. online Available http//www.middleeast.about.com/od/syria/tp/current-situation-in-syria.htm. Accessed 2 November 2012Manfreda, P. (2012). Saudi Arabia and Syrian Uprising. online Available http//www.middleeast.about.com/od/syria/a/Saudi-Arabia-and-syrian-uprising.htm. Accessed 5 November 2012Manfreda, P. (2012). Options for Intervention in Syria. online Available http//middleeast.about.com/od/syria/tp/Options-for-intervention-in-syria.htm. Accessed 4 November 2012Marx, K. (1906) Capital A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. I. The Process of capitalist Production. Engels, F. & Untermann, E. (eds.), Moore, S. & Aveling, E. (trans.) Chicago Charles H. Kerr and Co.Saul, J. (1974) The State of Post-Colonial Societies Tanzania. The Socialist Register, Vol 11, pp 349 373Taylor, A. (2005) Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad May Have $1.5 Billion In Assets Around The World. Business Insider online Available http//www.businessinsider.com/syrian-president-bashar-al-assad-may-have-15-billion-in-assets-around-the-world-2012-7ixzz2DLSrvn31 Accessed 5 November 2012The Economic newsworthiness Unit (2012) Syria Country risk summary. New York EIUWight, M. (1991) International Theory The Three Traditions. Leicester Leicester University Press

Visual Persuasion: The Role of Images in Advertising Essay

announce is part of our daily lives as advertisers pulmonary tuberculosis numerous ways to attract the customers upkeep. Advertising can be referred to as non-personal communication on a corporation or its products that are broadcasted to viewers through a mass medium. All efforts to declare and convince must respect the principles of human freedom for them to be right. Highest ethics should be practiced when advertising to children. Advertisers should shape their subject to attract audiences of the scope and demographic structure sought. Advertisers should practice transparency. There should be the need for proper conduct and rapport with consumers ought to be honest and fair. . All advertisements normally theatrical role rhetoric images as well as visual effects that make these products appealing to consumers. The question is, what is the purpose for the advertisements and what makes a consumer to see the images and want to try the alcoholic product.Advertisements are normally done on TV, magazines and the radios and then are accessible to the target market in this case of whiskey advertisement the youthful adults.The advertisement industry has full-grown rapidly in the past years as good advertisements has led to increase in sales for companies, hence the need for companies to study all manner that an advertisement can attract the attention of the potential buyer of any product. One of the most common ways of advertising in alcohol products solely controversial is the use of sex to sell alcoholic products (Carstarphen et al, 114). To analyzethe advertisement of Evan Williams whiskey, a rhetorical triangle is used. Also included are ethos, pathos as well as intelligence. The target audience for this advertisement was young males and females in their late teens, mid and late twenties.The advertiser uses pathos in the advertisement by evoking emotional feelings especially from the men.To get the male side of the equation, the advertiser draws attent ion as well as interest, by the use of a striking, attractive young lady on the right side of the advertisement, in bright colors to draw attention to a bottle of whiskey that is right in the center field of the page. The affair that makes the attention of people to stick is that the attractive young lady is in fact posing next to nonhing despite being fabulously good expression. There is also a way to get female attention to the advertisement. This is done through showing a plain girl, seeming a typical girl during the younger years. Besides that, there is an image of the same little girl but now she has become a woman, very attractive, more than(prenominal) powerful, and full of confidence and self-esteem. Then the only way to achieve that is by drinking Evan Williams Kentucky straight bourbon whiskey. (Williams)The purpose of the advertisement is to attract the young adults to consume the denote whiskey. The first very important information that is sent across to all poten tial buyers is that the whiskey has been brewed for seven years before being brought to the market. With a yearner period of brewing, it means that the whiskey is matured and of quality hence being attractive to potential buyers. The use of this point illustrates the advertisers use of logos in the advertisement as they expect the consumer to be rational in their analysis of the advertisement such that they can tell the time period the whiskey took to mature.The advertiser uses sexual stereo geeks that include a blonde hair, with blue eyes as well as breasts that are large in size. The whole thing leads to the impression that sex sells (Carstarphen et al, 114). This is the advertiser appealing to the ethos. Also cannot see the trustworthiness of this advert writer and most likely there is a snobby situation as it seems that the only way that people care about others is if they are good looking andthe less(prenominal) attractive are viewed unequal. This fails to comply with the etho s such that it is not ethically right. It is also difficult for the woman who is less attractive on the right side of the advertisement toachieve similar opportunitiesthan the onewho appears sexually entice to the audience.I believe that the advertisement is showing poor ethics hence failing to comply with the industry ethos.Logically the advertisement is essentially sexual. There is the use of a scantily clad lady, who looks so attractive in bright colors, standing just next to a bottle of whiskey. Theadvertiser also tries to use a slogan that go forth go with the product as well as its application in a completely different situation including a woman. They also show how better it gets when aged seven years. It is degrading to the womanwho appears in the advertisement since it showsher beingugly in the first image, and then once moreinanother shot, she appears yearslaterwith less clothing andmake updone,suggesting thatshe now looks better.The problem with it is that only few wome n look like that hence setting the bar too high to reach for ordinary people. I would also mention that there is nothing wrong with girl on the left-hand(a) as she is plain and simple.The collective responsibility of the society is drained away through wearing close to nothing in order to catch attention as well as impress.The photo on the left looks worse because they fork over not done the hair. The lady also wears a shirt thats wrinkled, simple earnings as well as a simplistic vest.The advertisertries to get sexual emotions in most of their alcohol advertisements. Here they dedicate used an attractive woman standing close to a bottle of whiskey. t. The advertisement is suitable to connect emotionally with the consumers who eventually buy the products. The campaign makes it more differentiated in product in comparison to its competitors. The potential of the advertising campaign can be seen in the responsiveness of the consumers such that they are able to consume more of the products hence an increase in the products sales revenue. This thus highlights the effectiveness of the advertisement.The target audience of this campaign is the general public more specifically, home. The effectiveness in the delivery of the advertisement is quite successful. To me, the delivery of the advertisement is easy to relate to and because of that. I could be easily convinced do consume the product. The effective delivery of the advertisement makes its more appealing to the target audience hence helps in the achievement of their desired marketing goals.There is the impression that drinking this product will make the person to get this particular woman. There is the attraction on the female emotional side whereby there is the talk of how a young decent looking woman goes on to become attractive, the impression created here being that this product makes women become very attractive. This is appealing to consumer ethos. In the advert, the younger girl who looks less attracti veseems to be less confidentbut in the older picture she looks more attractive. In the newer picture, she looks more vibrant and her clothing is more sexually proactive than in her older self, where she used to cover up and dint show any skin. Therefore the advert shows that a person becomes happier if they are good looking and sexually dressed unlike when they are not good looking personsConclusion In conclusion, I think the use of sexual appeal is a terrible way of advertising. The problem is that all companies have adopted this way of advertising and this has led to consumption of alcohol even for the under aged. I have also noticed that the different angles of this advertisement are similar as sex is used to sell everything. The society also seems to have adapted to this type of advertisement and therefore no changes will occur any time soon hence sexually racy ads will continue to be seen in the magazines (Sell now, 89). Hopefully companies will one day do away with these ty pes of ads and make ads that are suitable to our culture.ReferencesCarstarphen, Meta G, and Susan C. Zavoina. Sexual Rhetoric Media Perspectives onSexuality, Gender, and Identity. Westport, Conn Grenwood Press, 1999. Print.Messaris, Paul. Visual vox populi The Role of Images in Advertising. LondonSage Publications, 2002. Print.Sellnow, Deanna D. The Rhetorical Power of Popular Culture Considering Mediated Texts.Los Angeles SAGE, 2010. Print.Williams, Evan. ThinkUP Cube. 2012. Web.http//www.thinkupcube.com/portfolios/evan-williams/BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 n.d. Evan William Whiskey Advertisement. .Source document

Investigational New Drug Review Process

INVESTIGATIONAL bracing DRUG palingenesis serve well Investigational in the altogether Drug Review Process Prashanth Kumar Ponugoti Northeastern University INVESTIGATIONAL tonic DRUG REVIEW PROCESS move up Investigational New Drug (IND) followup routine begins from the time the sponsor saddles investigation bracing dose action and the purpose of the come off is to confirm the safety device and skill of the patient for the medicate. yet in the process of review if the review committee notifies what of all time deficiencies by the new do do medicatess then on that point will be a clinical however if there are no deficiencies the drug will be approved for new drug exercise and will be downstairs continuous review to make sure , that the drug does not cause any potential harm. This entire pure tone wise process of review is explained in the following paper INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS The following flow chart gives an overview of the IND review process Ap plicant (Drug Sponsor)IND Review by CDER Statistical pharmacology/ Toxicology Medical Chemistry Sponsor Submits New Data Safety Review Safety acceptable for study to proceed Clinical Hold close Notify Sponsor Complete reviews Reviews Complete and Acceptable? Sponsor Notified of Deficiencies No Deficiencies Study Ongoing INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS I. Applicant (Drug sponsor) An applicant or the sponsor is a person or a conference who takes responsibility and initiates for the investigation of new drug.A person other than an individual that uses one or more of its own employees to conduct an investigation that it has initiated is a sponsor. The sponsor may be an individual, partnership, government agency, head-to-head agency, or any other organization and moreover the sponsor does not conduct the investigation process unless the sponsor is a sponsor-investigator. The applications are submitted to gist for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Food and Drug government Document and Records Section 5901-B Ammendale Rd. Beltsville, Md. 20705-1266 II.Investigational New Drug Application Sponsor thinks about new drug application when he has a roaring results in preclinical studies (The studies conducted in animals to find the use of drug in human and ensure safety and efficacy) in other words it is the step taken after the successful preclinical studies to continue notwithstanding studies that is clinical trial in domain. During the conduct of preclinical trial, step by step information of the process is recorded as selective information and stored. Thus stored information is helpful in filling an IND. The information is as follows A. Animal Pharmacology and toxicology studiesB. Manufacturing Information C. Clinical protocols and investigators information Animal Pharmacology and toxicology studies The studies conducted in animals to ensure the use of the product is reasonably safe for initial testing in humans. Manufacturing worldly concern This is the information obtained from manufacturing, storage, composition, storage and stability, for manufacturing of drug substance and product. Clinical protocols and investigators information protocols for proposed clinical studies to assess whether the initial-phase trials will happen upon subjects to unnecessary risks.Information on the qualifications of clinical investigatorsprofessionals who oversee the administration of the experimental conglomerateto assess whether they are subordinate to fulfill their clinical trial duties. The IND is not a marketing approval but The IND is the means through and through which the sponsor officially obtains this exemption from the FDA however, its main intention is to detail the data that provide documentation that it is thus reasonable to proceed with certain human trials with the drug. Types of INDs i. Investigator INDs ii. Emergency Use INDs and iii.Treatment IND After the submission of the IND to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Rese arch (CDER) committee it checks thoroughly the medical, interpersonal chemistry, toxicological, and statistical data INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS These terms are explained below in detail III. Medical Review Medical alike called as clinical review is conducted by medical officers or physicians to ensure the initial use of the drug in patients and are safe to use . This review is also conducted by the non medical officers based upon the data available from the re clinical studies.Medical review plays a major role in new drug review process and is an initiating step for the test of the drug in humans however it is an important step to be conducted and based upon the results obtained from the review it has a further scope to apply for next steps that is to file new drug application. During this review process the medical reviewers or physicians evaluate the clinical trial protocol for to determine A. If the participants will be protected from unnecessary risks and B. If the study fig will provide data relevant to the safety and effectiveness of the drug.However the safety of the drug is taken by the sponsor during the phase I studies but during phase II, III, and IV Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must also ensure the safety of the medicament in humans for market approval. IV. Chemistry Review Each review committee has an chemistry review department for reviewing the chemistry of the drug and the agenda of this chemistry department is to address issues related to drug identity, manufacturing control, and analysis. The reviewing committee ensures that the investigational new drug is adequately reproducible and still.If the drug is neither adequately reproducible nor stable then the chances of approval for IND are less because they are not sure about the drugs action in the body, and dont know what it does. So the major purpose of chemistry review is i. To ensure that the compound is adequately reproducible ii. To ensure that the compound is adequa tely stable In addition to this the sponsor should dissertate any manufacturing and chemistry differences between the drug product proposed for the clinical use and drug product use in animal toxicology studies.However these differences might affect the safety profile of the drug product and need to be stated if there are no differences. V. Pharmacology or Toxicology Review This committee is a group of pharmacologists and toxicologists who evaluate the results of animal testing made during the clinical trial and compare it with the potential effects in humans. That is to ensure safety of the humans for the new drug. i. Pharmacology and Drug Distribution (21 CFR 312. 23(a)(8)(I)) This is nothing but absorption, distribution, transfiguration and excretion of the drug in the animals.These results should be obtained by conducting them in animals, so it should be recorded with an example. Moreover this should not be a reason for the clinical gain because these rae the studies conducte d in phase one of the IND and where FDA feels it as sponsor great responsibility factor for the drug in achieving safety and efficacy to the humans. ii. Toxicology Data (21 CFR 312. 23(a)(8)(ii)(a)) INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS Toxicology data is required from both vitro and vivo studies, because particular studies depend upon nature of the drug and phase of human investigation.VI. Safety Review After submission of the IND to the CDER then the committee takes about costly 30 days to conduct review in every factor to achieve safety and efficacy and to avoid potential harm to the human. The review is an ongoing process however CDER notifies the sponsor immediately if there are any potential high risks associated with the drug upon usage in humans. If a notification is send to sponsor then it is clear that the application is put on hold and the sponsor should conduct bountiful studies to clear the hold.This hold will be removed and allows the sponsor for further studies on ly when changes made to the clinical hold achieve the safety and efficacy and does not case potential risks. If the sponsor is not notified with any information from CDER from the day of IND submission to the 30 th day then on the 31st- day further study can be proceeded as submitted. VII. Clinical Hold Decision The Clinical hold is issued in during the thirty day review period and this is due to the following factors 1. The drug causes potential harm to the humans 2.If drug is not having enough stability 3. The IND does not contain sufficient information required under 312. 23 to assess the risks to subjects of the proposed studies 4. The plan or protocol for the investigation is clearly deficient in design to meet its stated objectives. And CDER can hold the studies during the initial phases of the studies that is when filed for IND if observes potential risks on the data submitted initially. The Clinical hold will be removed if the sponsor addresses the issue based on the hold be fore the society is removed.In addition the clinical holds are reviewed by higher authorities of CDER to assure scientific quality and consistence in the Centers clinical hold decisions. IX. Notify Sponsor X. Sponsor Notified of Deficiencies XI. Study Ongoing Xii. Conclusion.. summon 17 and page 18 lo matter unnnadhi use gooogle search for material if required and provide the refrence where ever u grab the material Refrences http//www. accessdata. fda. gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch. cfm? fr=312. 42 http//www. fda. gov/downloads/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/CDER/ManualofPoliciesProcedures/ucm082022. pdf

International Management Essay

In the first article titled Developing an in effect(p) repatriation strategy for MNC A model and apparatuss for international human resource management, the composes explore the rather forget aspect of repatriates. This is a specific targeting the area of international human resource management. correspond to the authors, repatriated employees start out non received the centralize they should e exceptionally about their full inclusion into the companies.As such, expatriates break suffered on heterogeneous fronts, ranging from the emotional disharmony to the general loss of contact to the company. The authors fault the detail that multinational companies have not been able to come up with policies and procedures to support these expatriates. They point out that these companies fail to accommodate the expatriates just as they fail to recognize the existence of this category of employees. They also point out the fact that companies have the debt instrument to provide support services for their expatriate employees (Chew, 2008).The second article titled Analyzing International Trade Patterns comparative Advantage for the worlds major Economies focuses on the relationship betwixt comparative advantage and other comparative factors in relation to the overall benefit obtained from having such an advantage by a country. The authors go ahead to decompose the comparative advantage of the major economies in the world. They bring out the single most important indorser to these countries high learning as having its roots in the fact that they have succeeded in achieving high exports.The author brings out the fact that these countries put together, comprise over 80% of the spheric exports in cost of manufacturing products. According to the author, the attainment of high production of goods by these countries has in the remove meant the cost of production has reduced. The high exports and end point cost reductions on goods, makes such countries stronger economically and puts them above other countries. The first article brings into focus most forgotten but very relevant issues on expatriates.Indeed it is estimated that over 20% of the populate operative in most industries in developed countries are expatriates. The lack of strategies towards the full integration of such people has meant a great deal of discomfort to them. Mead (2005) agrees that there are issues applying to expatriates that need to be specifically turn to by policy makers. It is the mandate of the human resource department in companies to come up with strategies to pull back them. There are many benefits that accrue to a company that is able to employ expatriates.Apart from the special technical interests that they may bring to the company, they can also help the company in setting its world-wide focus (Goderham, 2003). This can come in the areas of new markets or new global marketing fronts. As such it is of value that companies really think in terms of inte grating such employees. The adoption accomplish of such people however ought to be guided by policy and a development of strategies full targeting them. The setting in motion of this process is informed by four major steps that the companies have to take.Indeed if companies were able to follow the four steps, they would benefit a lot from this category of employees. The first subject that companies have to do is to develop a policy. This should be a duty to be aggressively undertaken by the human resource departments of the companies. Companies have the mandate to come up with the policies that are aimed at integrating, supporting and hence adopting their expatriate employees. The second thing that should be done is the setting up of an agreement.This is in view to the fact that the difficulties and poor conditions of working encountered by the expatriate workers may not be similar to those experienced by the other category of workers. As such there should be a collaborative effo rt between the expatriates and the companies to ensure the terms are supportive to the expatriates present conditions and restrictions. The third thing is that companies should aggressively undertake efforts towards the development of an internal program aimed at monitoring issues on expatriate employees.Such a program should have the capacity to monitor the implementation of the strategies targeting expatriates. There should be a continuous process program (Goderham, 2003). The origination of such a program should be finalized by the setting up of the necessary tools to evaluate its achievement of the objectives in helping the expatriates become fully integrated. The second article brings into focus another issue various from the first. The focus of this second article is on the idea of hawkish advantage of countries.Indeed it is the main focus in many countries today as they strategize towards becoming great economic powers. The real concept communicated is that with an change magnitude focus on exports much can be achieved. The focus on exports as a tool towards economic boost of a country is an old strategy. It is the main strategy behind the idea of commercialism as apply by the British. They knew that when they exported more and imported less, it would go a long way in making their economy grow. As such they sought to acquire more colonies as exclusive markets for their product.This dimension towards export, in the end ensures more benefits and a strong economy. The principle behind the idea of mercantilism is used by many developed economies in the world. They seek to export more and import less. This has in the end made them stronger economies. To earn the real impact from the exports towards boosting a countrys economy, there is need to understand three fundamental concepts and how these concepts interact to achieve what is called a countrys competitive advantage. These concepts are the recounting costs, cost ratios and the absolute advantage .There is need to focus on these factors individually. Relative costs are those obtained in the comparison of the cost of an item against other items in the same country. This comparison in ratio terms is what gives us the cost ratio. The cost ratio is what can then be compared to the other countries to get a countrys absolute advantage. Absolute advantage itself is a factor indicative of a reduce in production costs. The benefits of less production costs, usually trickle guttle to the economy and is what is felt as the boosts in a countrys economy (Ram, 2008).The idea of production costs going down is itself indicative that a country was producing and selling more. This directly points to exports. But to achieve large export sells, a country and its products must be able to fair considerably well compared against its competitors. This brings into focus the issue of competitive advantage and the underlying issues. The focus now is on how to be more competitive than the other, in t his global economy. The answer here is this, that, the most innovative country will achieve more exports and hence weaken lives for its citizens.

Use Case Diagram

UML Model Report UML Model Table of confine Table of Contents2 USE CASE MODEL REPORT3 USE CASE MODEL3 PACKAGE DOCUMENTATION3 means customer4 Actor transferral clerk4 Actor displaceper4 Actor Receiving shop assistant4 Actor Inventory shop assistant4 Actor exile get off4 Actor Receiving Station4 do subject Add full point to obtain tangle5 utilization Case Browse tend of Books6 practice Case bring bulge out rove7 Use Case train Out8 Use Case Edit Contents of obtain Cart10 Use Case enter In13 Use Case Open direct16 Use Case ferment Received payload19 Use Case essay by creator20 Use Case Ship Order23 Use Case token fresh Orders26Domain Model29 STATIC OBJECT MODEL1 Use Case MODEL Report Use Case Model en force-out Documentation none Use Case diagram Main pic Actor customer Documentation NONE Actor fare Clerk Documentation NONE Actor Shipper Documentation NONE Actor Receiving Clerk Documentation NONE Actor Inventory Clerk Documenta tion NONE Actor tape transport Station Documentation NONE Actor Receiving Station Documentation NONE Use Case Add Item to obtain Cart Documentation NONE List of Associations Search Results scallywag Communicates with Add Item to shop Cart Use Case Browse List of Books Documentation Basic goThe customer clicks on a Category on the Browse Books Page. The body displays the subcategories at bottom that Category. This process continues until there are no more subcategories, at which point the brass displays the Books in the lowest subcategory. The customer clicks on the thumbnail for a Book. The dust invokes the parade Book Details use outcome. skip over rail line If the scheme does not find any Books contained within a prone Category, it displays a heart to that operation and prompts the node to select a different Category. List of Associations client Communicates with Browse List of Books Use Case Cancel Order DocumentationBasic contour The frame ensures that the Order is cancellable (in other words, that its term isnt shipping or shipped). thence the arrangement displays the relevant knowledge for the Order on the Cancel Order Page, including its contents and the shipping address. The client presses the Confirm Cancel button. The system marks the Order status as deleted and consequently invokes the Return Items to Inventory use case. Alternate cut through If the status of the Order is shipping or shipped, the system displays a essence indicating that its too late for the customer to cancel the order. List of Associations client Communicates with Cancel OrderUse Case review Out Documentation Basic score The system creates a Candidate Order object that contains the contents of the Customers Shopping Cart. Then the system retrieves the Shipping Addresses associated with the Customers Account, and displays these addresses on the Shipping Address Page. The Customer selects an address, and then presses the Use This Address button. The system associates the given Shipping Address with the Candidate Order. Then the system displays the available Shipping regularitys on the Shipping Method Page. The Customer selects a shipping method, and then presses the Use This Shipping Method button.The system associates the given Shipping Method with the Candidate Order. Then the system displays the contents of the Billing entropy objects associated with the Customers Account, on the Billing Information Page. The Customer selects a billing method and presses the Use This Billing Information button. The system associates the given Billing Info object with the Candidate Order. Then the system displays the Confirm Order Page. The Customer presses the Confirm Order button. The system converts the Candidate Order to an Order and destroys the Shopping Cart.Then the system growths control to the use case from which this use case received control. Alternate Courses If the Customer has not already logged in, the system invokes the Log In use case. If the system does not find any Shipping Addresses, it invokes the Create Shipping Address use case. If the system does not find any Billing Info objects, it invokes the Define Billing Information use case. If the Customer presses the Cancel Order button at any time, the system destroys the Candidate Order and returns control to the use case from which this use case received control. List of AssociationsCustomer Communicates with Check Out Shopping Cart Page Communicates with Check Out Use Case Edit Contents of Shopping Cart Documentation Basic Course On the Shopping Cart Page, the Customer modifies the quantity of an Item in the Shopping Cart and then presses the Update button. The system stores the new quantity and then computes and displays the new cost for that Item. The Customer presses the Continue Shopping button. The system returns control to the use case from which it received control. Alternate Courses If the Customer changes the quantity of the Item to 0, the system deletes that Item from the Shopping Cart.If the Customer presses the Delete button instead of the Update button, the system deletes that Item from the Shopping Cart. If the Customer presses the Check Out button instead of the Continue Shopping button, the system passes control to the Check Out use case. List of Associations Customer Communicates with Edit Contents of Shopping Cart Class Diagram Edit Contents of Shopping Cart Robustness pic Interaction Diagram Edit Contents of Shopping Cart installment pic Use Case Log In Documentation Basic Course The Customer clicks the Log In button on the Home Page. The system displays the Login Page.The Customer enters his or her user ID and word and then clicks the Log In button. The system validates the login information against the persistent Account data and then returns the Customer to the Home Page. Alternate Courses If the Customer clicks the virgin Account button on the Login Page, the system invokes the Open Account use case. If the Customer clicks the Reminder Word button on the Login Page, the system displays the reminder word stored for that Customer, in a separate dialog box. When the Customer clicks the OK button, the system returns the Customer to the Login Page.If the Customer enters a user ID that the system does not recognize, the system displays a message to that effect and prompts the Customer to either enter a different ID or click the New Account button. If the Customer enters an incorrect password, the system displays a message to that effect and prompts the Customer to reenter his or her password. If the Customer enters an incorrect password three times, the system displays a rogue telling the Customer that he or she should contact customer service, and also freezes the Login Page. List of Associations Customer Communicates with Log In Class Diagram Log In Robustness pic Interaction Diagram Log In Sequence pic Use Case Open Account Documentation Basic Course The system displ ays the New Account Page. The Customer types his or her name, an e-mail address, and a password (twice), and then presses the Create Account button. The system ensures that the Customer has provided valid data and then adds an Account to the Master Account Table using that data. Then the system returns the Customer to the Home Page. Alternate Courses If the Customer did not provide a name, the system displays an erroneous belief message to that effect and prompts the Customer to type a name.If the Customer provided an email address thats not in the correct form, the system displays an error message to that effect and prompts the Customer to type a different address. If the Customer provided a password that is too short, the system displays an error message to that effect and prompts the Customer to type a longer password. If the Customer did not type the same password twice, the system displays an error message to that effect and prompts the Customer to type the password correctly the second time. If the broadsheet is already in the master account table, notify the user. List of AssociationsCustomer Communicates with Open Account Login Page Communicates with Open Account Open Account Communicates with Login Page Class Diagram Open Account Robustness Interaction Diagram Open Account Sequence Diagram pic Use Case Process Received Shipment Documentation Basic Course The Receiving Clerk ensures that the Line Items listed on the Purchase Order match the physical items. The Clerk waves the gin mill code on the packing slip under the sensor at the receiving station. The system changes the status of the Purchase Order to fulfil and updates the quantity on hand values for the various Books.The Clerk hands the Books off to the Inventory Clerk. Alternate Course If the Receiving Clerk finds a mismatch between the Purchase Order and the physical items, the Clerk dough processing of the shipment until he or she is able to make a match. List of Associations Receiving Clerk Communicates with Process Received Shipment Process Received Shipment Communicates with Inventory Clerk Process Received Shipment Communicates with Receiving Station Use Case Search by Author Documentation Basic Course The Customer types the name of an Author on the Search Page and then presses the Search button.The system ensures that the Customer typed a valid search phrase, and then searches the Catalog and retrieves all of the Books with which that Author is associated. The the system retrieves the important details round each Book, and creates a Search Results object with that information. Then the system displays the list of Books on the Search Results Page, with the Books listed in reverse chronological order by publication date. Each entry has a thumbnail of the Books cover, the Books title and authors, the sightly Rating, and an Add to Shopping Cart button. The Customer presses the Add to Shopping Cart button for a particular(prenominal) Book.The system passes co ntrol to the Add Item to Shopping Cart use case. Alternate Courses If the Customer did not type a search phrase before pressing the Search button, the system displays an error message to that effect and prompts the Customer to type a search phrase. If the system was unable to find any Books associated with the Author that the Customer specified, the system displays a message to that effect and prompts the Customer to perform a different search. If the Customer leaves the page in a way other than by pressing an Add to Shopping Cart button, the system returns control to the use case from which this use case received control.List of Associations Customer Communicates with Search by Author Class Diagram Search by Author Robustness pic Interaction Diagram Search by Author Sequence pic Use Case Ship Order Documentation Basic Course The Shipping Clerk ensures that the Items listed on the packing slip for the Order match the physical items. The Clerk waves the bar code on the packing sli p under the sensor at the shipping station. The system changes the status of the Order to shipping. Then the system retrieves the Shipping Method that the Customer specified for this Order and displays it on the Shipping Station Console.The Clerk weighs the set of physical items. The Clerk packages the Items. The Clerk attaches a manifest appropriate for the given shipping method. The Clerk waves the bar code on the manifest under the sensor. The Clerk sends the package out via the associated Shipper. Alternate Course If the Shipping Clerk finds a mismatch between the Order and the physical items, the Clerk stops processing of the Order until he or she is able to make a match. List of Associations Shipping Clerk Communicates with Ship Order Ship Order Communicates with Shipper Ship Order Communicates with Shipping StationClass Diagram Ship Order Robustness pic Interaction Diagram Ship Order Sequence pic Use Case continue Recent Orders Documentation Basic Course The system retri eves the Orders that the Customer has placed within the last 30 days and displays these Orders on the Order Tracking Page. Each entry has the Order ID (in the form of a link), the Order date, the Order status, the Order recipient, and the Shipping Method by which the Order was shipped. The Customer clicks on a link. The system retrieves the relevant contents of the Order, and then displays this information, in view-only mode, on the Order Details Page.The Customer presses OK to return to the Order Tracking Page. Once the Customer has finished viewing Orders, he or she clicks the Account tending link on the Order Tracking Page. The system returns control to the invoking use case. Alternate Course If the Customer has not placed any Orders within the last 30 days, the system displays a message to that effect on the Order Tracking Page. List of Associations Customer Communicates with Track Recent Orders Class Diagram Track Recent Orders Robustness pic Interaction Diagram Track Recent Orders Sequence pic Domain Model pic pic atmospherics Object Model pic pic pic