Bound Man

The Bound Man by Ilse Aighinger The thing that I found most compelling in the story ‘‘The Bound Man’’ was that the man was not worried about being released from the rope, rather he wanted to be bound and with that disadvantage he learned to adapt with it and live life as if he wasn’t bound at all. The reason why I find his situation and his own reaction to it so compelling is because while I was reading the story, I was putting myself in his situation and I would not of thought to react in such a way as he. In the beginning, where the man had awoken from his sleep to find that he was bound, he found happiness in that situation.Through out the story there were people who were amused by his situation, but also had sympathy in which the bound man was completely against; he took that situation and made it seem like it was not a problem, that perplexed me. – But still I find it all truly compelling. †His arms were tied to each other but not to his body, and had some free play too. This made him smile. † pg. 68-69 Even though his arms were not tied to his body, I felt myself becoming uncomfortable. To wake up bounded, I would see no good in that situation besides still being alive.Not only was he bounded, he was outside and woke up to flies around him which made the situation even worse. I read this story and put myself in his position; I could only contradict all his actions. My perspective comes from me not being an outside person whatsoever. I come from a family that if decided, we even go camping or to a national park, we don’t go in tents we rent out a cabin, lodge or a hotel. I wasn’t raised to be an outside person or to even like animals, so when I think of waking up to flies and being tied up outside I think of myself going crazy, screaming for help.It amazed me however, to see that someone can wake up in the position the bound man was in, without crying out for help. It seems carless to me, ca rless about life†¦ But also so brave and courageous because through his situation he built strength and adapted to being bound, something I wouldn’t of ever been capable to do. †These antics amused the bound man because he could have freed himself if he had wanted to whenever he liked, but perhaps he wanted to learn a few new jumps first† pg 73. The bound man was amused by the antics the people in the circus tried in order to set him free.There was many cases that the man could of freed himself, but he didn’t. He wanted his body to get used to these ropes and he was going to make the best out of his situation and learn from it. To my surprise, the bound man had ran into a wolf and was able to protect himself, even with being limited to movement. This man was powerful. The fact that he found a way to take action and be positive with being bound and refused to free himself, gained him a lot of power. He was the victim at first because he was robbed and b ound, but he became the one in power by overcoming it, and not letting it stop him from anything.In my opinion, the ones who can overcome huge obstacles in life are truly the ones with the most power and strength. When I think of bound ‘‘MAN’’ I think of strong and fearless. Men are believed to have a lot of pride and to not show their weaknesses; they want to be looked at as superior, and in the story I think the bound man was superior. People were interested in him and his life, but didn’t understand his purposed. I tend to appreciate people who are very positive because it changes my perspective on how I live my life. I often feel like I react off of little things, and make small situations bigger then they are.When something goes wrong, I feel like everything is wrong and nothing can be fixed. As an example. Last week my shoulder was dislocated, I felt helpless and I had 2 feet and another arm that could be used. With just my one arm not being ab le to function like it normally can, I was upset and angry and acted like the whole world was over. I didn’t do anything besides taking pain medication and lay in my room. This story brought about a different perspective on how I reacted to my shoulder. I could of been happy that at least my shoulder was put back in place, and that it was a minor issue and would be back to normal soon.But I am a dramatic person, and I’ve never looked at the good side of things, which is something I wish I did. As a result to the man being bound he became powerful. The condition the bound man was in and the actions he took during, gained him strength. I do believe that there is a consequence to everything you do. Whether it be good or bad, is how you react upon the situation. At the end of the story when the circus proprietor decided that telling the people in the village the bound man had killed a wolf, he though that there would be a good consequence out of doing that; to ‘†™revive the triumphs of the summer’’.He was wrong, his actions lead to the bound man having to prove his superior. And because people did not believe in his superior he was forced to prove himself by being in a cage with a wolf. Not only did he kill the wolf, but he was no longer one with his rope. The proprietors wife did not believe in the bound mans power, so she cut him free of his rope while he was in the cage. The consequence of her actions lead to there being no point in killing the wolf, the man was now unbound and he no longer had a purpose. So he shot the wolf instead. Without his bound the man felt weak, and blood rushed to his feet.Her actions not only lead to the death of the wolf, but soon to the death of the man himself. – The way that the bound man saw his situation had a consequence as well. It gained him power, and he learned to do new thing with just a little amount of movement, and with that I felt the story was compelling. Reading this sto ry changed my whole perspective on how I react to certain things. It made me think that it would be so much easier in the long run if you just see the bright side of bad situations†¦ But also, to not have so much pride that you feel you must prove yourself to others, because that itself, can lead to bad consequences.

A study of Neanderthal ‘homo neanderthalensis’ morphology in terms of Bergman’s rule and Allen’s rule

Carl Bergman, a 19th century German biologist, stated that in a warm-blooded, polytypic, wide-ranging animal species, the body size of the members of each geographic group varies with the average environmental temperature.According to this principle, warm-blooded animals living in cold climates would tend to gradually become larger than animals of the same species living in warmer climates.J.A.Allen however said that animals adapted to cold have shorter limbs and protruding body parts.Taking these two rules together we could expect those living in cold, Northern climates to have short limbs, protruding body parts and be larger than those living in warmer places.It is believed that homo neanderthalis came North out of Africa 600,000 years ago. After that period there was an increase in their cranial capacity. They populated Europe from about 130,000 until 28,000 years ago when they either became extinct, or were so absorbed by homo sapiens as to become invisible. Fossils finds, associ ated with various cold adapted creatures such as reindeer.They had brow and jaw ridges and protruding faces. Palmer tuberosities   and tools found show that they probably had twice the strength of modern man. According to muscle attachment points and bone thicknesses it seems that they were more robust than modern man, but also that they were more sedentary. Homo sapiens ranged far and wide, whereas Neanderthals tended to stay in northern climes. Body mass increased in time, until they were about 30% larger than the worldwide average according to John Kappelman.McDonald makes the point that they lacked the culture to protect themselves from the elements and so adapted genetically with short, massively strong limbs, thick torso, prominent central face etc. Limb proportions are close to those of modern day extreme northern peoples such as the Inuit or Lapps. This fits in with the rules quoted earlier.References  Allen, J.A. The influence of Physical conditions in the genesis of sp ecies. Radical Review, 1877, 1: 108-140.Bergman,C. quoted inhttp://www.bartleby.com/61/98/B0199800.html retrieved 17th October 2007Kappelman, J., â€Å"They Might be Giants,† Nature, vol. 387 (May 8, 1997), pp. 126-127.Neanderthals found at   http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_neand.htm retrieved 17th October 2007McDonald, D.S., 1996, Neanderthal morphology found at http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/3917/morph.html retrieved 17th October 2007   A study of Neanderthal ‘homo neanderthalensis’ morphology in terms of Bergman’s rule and Allen’s rule Carl Bergman, a 19th century German biologist, stated that in a warm-blooded, polytypic, wide-ranging animal species, the body size of the members of each geographic group varies with the average environmental temperature.According to this principle, warm-blooded animals living in cold climates would tend to gradually become larger than animals of the same species living in warmer climates.J.A.Allen however said that animals adapted to cold have shorter limbs and protruding body parts.Taking these two rules together we could expect those living in cold, Northern climates to have short limbs, protruding body parts and be larger than those living in warmer places.It is believed that homo neanderthalis came North out of Africa 600,000 years ago. After that period there was an increase in their cranial capacity. They populated Europe from about 130,000 until 28,000 years ago when they either became extinct, or were so absorbed by homo sapiens as to become invisible.Fossils finds, associa ted with various cold adapted creatures such as reindeer. They had brow and jaw ridges and protruding faces. Palmer tuberosities   and tools found show that they probably had twice the strength of modern man. According to muscle attachment points and bone thicknesses it seems that they were more robust than modern man, but also that they were more sedentary.Homo sapiens ranged far and wide, whereas Neanderthals tended to stay in northern climes. Body mass increased in time, until they were about 30% larger than the worldwide average according to John Kappelman.McDonald makes the point that they lacked the culture to protect themselves from the elements and so adapted genetically with short, massively strong limbs, thick torso, prominent central face etc. Limb proportions are close to those of modern day extreme northern peoples such as the Inuit or Lapps. This fits in with the rules quoted earlier.References  Allen, J.A. The influence of Physical conditions in the genesis of spe cies. Radical Review, 1877, 1: 108-140.Bergman,C. quoted in http://www.bartleby.com/61/98/B0199800.html retrieved 17th October 2007Kappelman, J., â€Å"They Might be Giants,† Nature, vol. 387 (May 8, 1997), pp. 126-127.Neanderthals found at   http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_neand.htm retrieved 17th October 2007McDonald, D.S., 1996, Neanderthal morphology found at http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/3917/morph.html retrieved 17th October 2007  

Compromising Development: the Language of Instruction Dilemma

Tayebwa Morris Compromising development: The Language of Instruction dilemma in Tanzania. Introduction Following release of the Tanzania 2012 Form IV results by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training on February 18, the media and the general public have been frantically discussing the fact that up to 60 % of the students who sat last years’ ‘O' level final failed the exam. i This has once again raised a lot of concern in and around Tanzania from educators, parents and policy makers.Among many reasons given for the failure, that has in fact been increasing every year are factors like; shortage of quality teachers, poor infrastructure and study tools. The reason that stands out however, is the poor proficiency of secondary school students in English, the language of instruction. In fact studies have shown that the same students do much better in primary school where they are taught and examined in Kiswahili, the national language.The Tanzanian Dilemma Inspite of incessant advice by policy makers and educators for a complete adoption of Kiswahili as the only medium of instruction at all levels, the Tanzanian government has upheld the bilingual education system and English is continually used as a language of instruction for all post-primary school education. In fact early research agrees with the promotion of Kiswahili as the appropriate choice as a language of instruction.However, going by the advances of education worldwide where especially tertiary education is becoming more globalised, wouldn’t it be regressive to adopt a language of instruction that is limited to just one country? Unless we of course consider that the returns from quality secondary education would be sufficient for Tanzania without regarding the effect on tertiary education. Or maybe higher education would also have to adopt Kiswahili as a language of instruction.This is before we consider the feasibility of such a transformation most importantly in terms of pre sence and quality of secondary school and higher education tools such as curricula, textbooks, teaching guides and manuals and obviously teachers trained to instruct post – primary levels. Or maybe the country should take the bitter pill and adopt English as a language of instruction on all levels. In this paper, I will try to delve into previous research on this matter and find a relation etween the language of instruction and effect on developmental outcomes of Tanzania both in terms of human capital growth and general wellbeing of citizens. Does the language of instruction really matter? From the human capital rationale, language does matter. â€Å"Human capital† refers to the set of skills a person acquires mainly through education and training to aid his/her productivity and attain greater compensation in the labour market (Becker 1964).Proficiency in a language of instruction (reading, writing, oral expression) is a skill vital to the development of human capital . As explained by Chiswick and Miller (1995), the language skill â€Å"satisfies the three criteria that define human capital,† that is, the costs involved in the creation of language skills, the skills that serve a productive purpose relevant to economic activity in the labour market; and the fact that all that is embodied in a person. As demonstrated by Samuel O.Ortiz (2004) in his assessment of culturally and linguistically diverse students, language of instruction also determines the competence of students in relation to the improvement of their cognitive skills, a means and end to the means of quality education. By discussing cognitive skills and quality education, we get closer to the effect of language of instruction on the development of individuals and societies, both socio-economic and general well-being. According to Hanushek and Kim (1995) and Hanushek and Woessmann (2007), quality of education is a measure of labour force quality based on the cognitive skills att ained.Therefore, such big failure rates, and reports that most students failed to write anything in last year’s exam, and either resorted to cheating, writing funny verses and abuses spells a bad image for the Tanzanian education system and leaves us to wonder what kind skills are the students getting anyway. Undeniably, research over the years has shown that standards of English education are inadequate thus affecting the general performance of most post-primary students (Mlama and Matteru 1977, Criper and Dodd 1984, Roy-Campbell 1997, Martha Quorro (2013).In fact it was found that students perform much better under the medium of Swahili and that nearly 75 percent of teaching, especially in the early stages of secondary education, was being done in Swahili rather than English or sometimes with massive code switching involved (Rugemalira et al 1990). ii Students therefore receive a large part of their education in the local language yet assignments, tests and even national ex ams are written in English. This, as a result handicaps students with low proficiency and leads such to high failure rates.This goes on to not only affect the education system but the students as well. For example, after such failure, most students drop out of schools even without qualifications, girls are married off at an early age by parents who are not seeing direct returns from the education, boys resort to lower income jobs for survival and this ultimately also affects the motivation of other students to join secondary school. As a result, Tanzania has the lowest secondary school enrolment in the region (World Bank, 2009).The government has however ignored research findings and the sociolinguistic reality by maintaining a weak bilingual instruction format. It makes no sense teaching in a language that children are not understanding. In fact the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training has in the past proposed starting English as Language of Instruction from nursery school all through to tertiary education (MoEVT, 2009). Tangled in this predicament, there is also an inequality dimension.Studies have shown that many wealthy Tanzanian parents send their children to better performing private schools, as well as to schools in the neighbouring countries, in order to have their children exposed to English-medium education in primary school (Mazrui 1997, Cox and Jimenez 1991). In a country where there are better opportunities for the English proficient workforce, the foreign trained students consequently have more valuable capital and better potential to get better paying jobs and thus opportunities are still in the hands of the already privileged. The uncertain futureFrom the aforementioned studies, it is clear that adoption of Swahili as the language of instruction in secondary schools, will lead to better outcomes in terms of effective transfer of information, legibility, improved education and a more productive population. On the other hand, emphasis on English, just like in other neighbouring countries will likewise improve the skills needed to compete globally especially in tourism and other export-oriented investments, broaden other labour- market opportunities, and close the socioeconomic classes’ gap that exists between the English currently proficient labour force and the general public.In my opinion and as discussed by Batibo (1990) a bilingual system can still be maintained but the government will need to invest more in promoting the learning of English at pre- primary level to better prepare the students to the reality of an English post primary education. However as this paper has shown, even with a plethora of research on this matter, the Tanzanian government is faced with the dilemma of choosing a curriculum policy that should emphasize a well understood and better performing language or one that is used widely around the world especially in economic, scientific and technological circles.NOTES i The breakdowns b y divisions are as follows: division 1-1,641; division 2-6,453; division 3- 15,426; division 4103,327, and division 0-240,903. By gender for those who passed i. e. received divisions 1-3: girls =7, 178 and boys = 16, 342. That means 5. 6% of those who sat for this exam passed (divisions 1-3), it only when division 4 (the worst possible grade) is included that failure rate reduces to 60% otherwise with division 4 included, failure rate is actually 94. 4%. ii Code switching is the practice of alternating between two languages to ease communication.References Barro R (1999). Human Capital and Growth in Cross Country Regressions, Swedish Economic Policy Review, 6, 237-77. Barry R. Chiswick and Paul W. Miller (1995). The Endogeneity between Language and Earnings, Journal of Labor Economics, 13, 248. Batibo, H. M. (1990). English language teaching and learning in Tanzanian primary schools. Language in Education in Africa: A Tanzanian Perspective. Ed. C. M. Becker, Gary. (1964). Human Capi tal: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Cox, Donald and Emmanuel Jimenez. (1991). The Relative Effectiveness of Private and Public Schools: Evidence from Two Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics 34:99-121. Criper, C. and William Dodd (1984). Report on the Teaching of English and its Use as a Medium of Instruction in Tanzania, ODA/ British Council. Education in Africa: A Tanzanian Perspective. Ed. C. M. Rubagumya. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters, 1990. Hanushek E and Kim D (1995), Schooling Labour Force Quality and Economic Growth, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 399, Cambridge, MA. Hanushek E and Woessmann L (2008). The Role of Cognitive Skills in Economic Development, Journal of Economic Literature, 46, 607-668. Martha A. S. Qorro, (2013). Language of instruction in Tanzania: Why are research findings not heeded? International Review of Education Mazrui, Alamin. T he World Bank, the language question and the future of African education. Race and Class 38. 3 (1997): 35-48. Mlama, Penina na May Matteru (1977). Haja ya kutumia Kiswahili kufundishia elimu ya juu, a research report commissioned by BAKITA, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.MoEVT (2009). Sera ya Elimu na Mafunzo (2009), Rasimu ya I. Toleo Jipya, Juni, 2009. Ortiz O. Samuel, Comprehensive Assessment of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Student: A Systematic, Practical Approach for Non-discriminatory Assessment Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologists. Qorro (eds. ): Language of Instruction in Tanzania and South Africa. (LOITASA) Dar es Salaam: E & D Limited. pp. 149 – 170. Roy-Campbell, Zaline Makini and Martha. Qorro, (1997). The Language Crisis in Tanzania: the Myth of English versus Education, DSM: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.Rubagumya, Casmir (2003). English medium primary schools in Tanzania: a new â€Å"linguistic market† in education? In: Brock-Utne, Birgit, Zubeida Desai and Martha Rubagumya. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters. Rugemalira, J. M, C. M. Rubagumya, M. K. Kapinga, A. F. Lwaitama and J. G. Tetlow. Reflections on recent developments in language policy in Tanzania. Language in World Bank, (2009) World Bank Indicators – Tanzania accessed on 15. 03. 2013 from http://www. tradingeconomics. com/tanzania/school-enrollment-secondary-femalepercent-gross-wb-data. html

Transnational Corporations and the International Human Rights Regime Essay

Transnational Corporations and the International Human Rights Regime - Essay Example Thus, a gap in governance exists, between the scope and influence of economic actors and the market forces on the one hand, and the capability of societies to address and manage the harmful effects created by globalization, on the other hand. The UN’s Human Rights Council takes the position that ‘governance gaps’ created by the speed of globalization and the failure of states to keep pace in their capacities to provide the necessary regulatory frameworks enable the ‘permissive environment’ that allows for the ‘wrongful acts by companies of all kinds without adequate sanctioning or reparation.’ There is also a need to clearly define the standards against which the actions of transnational corporations are to be assessed, and the process in addressing perceived violations. It is necessary, prior to enforcement of sanctions, to identify the elements which determine the culpability of the accused corporation. In many cases, there is a lack of precedent according to which the new cases are to be judged. There is likewise uncertainty about the legal procedure to be followed, the vesting of jurisdiction in the proper authority, even the identification of the tribunal to hear the case. Light also needs to be shed on the protocol as to how claim may be made and the party with the personality to make it, and the protections which the accused corporation may avail itself of in warding off false claims and accusations. Human rights upon which business has an impact: standards of compliance Much will be said in the course of this discussion about those human rights upon which business has significant impact. An enumeration of these rights is shown in the appendix, and the rights are classified into two – the labour rights, and the non-labour rights.2 The list was compiled

Internal and external Environments for the oil and gas management Essay

Internal and external Environments for the oil and gas management - Essay Example The theory of peak oil is largely based on Hubbert’s work. He foresaw peak oil production in 48 countries of the U.S. The theory is represented in a bell curve showing the sudden rise in discovery of oil reserves declining gradually as the rate of reservoir discovery slows down. Significant inferences have been made about the peak oil theory. Increase in oil prices will be intensely felt with respect to transportation of energy fuels. Air transport is likely to face a sad demise as it is heavily dependent on oil. Ultimately, the unfortunate picture demonstrates that the tourist-dependent areas will largely suffer because of the fall in the peak. Higher transportation costs signal higher food costs; we are not self-sufficient societies anymore hence, industrial agriculture will suffer. This on the contrary means that the organic foods department will thrive on its own because it is not dependent on oil as much. Peak oil theorists predict the aforementioned possibilities . Expert analysts delve into the evaluation and usefulness of alternative energy sources in the long-run. The alternative sources need to be cost effective; these can be divided into liquid biofuels and other category which involves hydrogen and electricity. Biofuels can easily enter into the transportation market in the next decade. Biofuels have their environmental advantages as well which gives them an edge over petroleum. Experts are still discovering the potential uses of carbon cars, sticks and carrots, hydropower, solar energy etc. The need of the hour is to subsidize agencies and organizations to make efficacious use of these resources (Kopp, 2006). The research analysts studying oil and gas management also focus on the extent to which U.S and other oil producing countries are dependent on OPEC, a prestigious corporation. OPEC plays a major role in determining the prices of oil and

Saving Chinese gaming addicts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Saving Chinese gaming addicts - Essay Example The advancement in technology has led to the development of technological games that tend to be addictive just like drugs are. In the recent times, the trend has been that these games are not played manually at home. The internet, with its vast and ever increasing modifications has provided an online platform from where gamers can compete with other gamers globally. The result has been an increase in addiction in gaming. It is said that statistics do not lie. In this case, the news are filled with stories of gamers here and there who have become addicted to the games they play and have resulted to may be selling their children or have even died while playing these games for long hours. According to Liu, gaming addiction in China has been identified as a psychiactric condition. As a result, some measures have been effected to aid in curbing this disorder. Various measures and means are being utilised. What medium acan be used to save Chinese online gaming addicts? To complicate matters farther, research shows that games are important in improving certain skills such as making of decisions. Moreover, they are said to improve the health of an individual as they involve the usage of several motor skills. However, the sad thing about gaming is that the person becomes absorbed into the game gradually until he or she finds no meaning in other matters concerning life. It can be noted that apart from the rehabilitation centers set up by the Chinese government to curb online game addiction ad save addicts, magazines provide a meaningful means to save online game addicts. The advantages exceed the limitations by far. Furthermore, the target population, adolescents and teenagers is interested in reading magazines while there are several means to avail it to them.

English literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English literature - Essay Example The company has over five hundred employees, including well known designers in the region. Mr. Denzel Lawrence is the owner of that clothing line. The C.E.O of the company is Ian Beam. He is a brown and extremely tall Swedish gentleman, in addition to being down to earth. He cooperates well with all employees in that company. He owns a large mansion in New York City, where he lives happily with his cute wife, Diana. On this particular morning, he had several meetings with the designers in the company, to review some of the designs they had created that week. The meetings went extremely well, and Mr Ian was happy with the designs in place. Thus, he gave them a go ahead of putting those designs into clothes. As soon as the last meeting was over, his wife called and said, â€Å"Honey, I hope you are having a fantastic day at work. I just missed you and wished to hear your sexy voice again.† One could tell from the tone of her voice that they were madly in love. At the middle of t heir conversation, his secretary cut him short telling him that the boss, Mr. Denzel, wanted to speak with him. Therefore, he hurriedly wished his wife a fantastic day and rushed to find out what the boss wanted. Apparently, Mr. Denzel was equally a people’s person. He loved cracking jokes here and there to keep his conversations jovial. In addition, he was so in love with statues. His office was covered with a lot of statues of all shapes and sizes. One could think he was worshipping them. Later on in the afternoon, Mr Ian was scheduled to hold another meeting with other investors in the company. However, they called on time to cancel the meeting to the relief of the CEO. Therefore, he decided to take that golden opportunity to rush home early and surprise his wife. On his way home, he stopped near a flower shop to buy a bouquet of roses for his wife. Apparently, he was a frequent customer in that flower shop. This is because he loved giving his wife some flowers each time h e had that opportunity. He drove home smiling all the way, listening to some cool music. All through, he was fantasizing about the happy moments they would spend with his wife that afternoon. He anxiously opened the door to his luxurious mansion and went ahead to the kitchen first to take a cup of water. Surprisingly, he was very anxious to meet his wife that early. He laughed at himself quietly thinking aloud, ‘she is my wife for crying out loud and not a girl I just met and have a crush on hahaha.’ He was madly in love with his wife, so he tried to calm himself down by saying that probably that was the reason behind the anxious feeling he had. Some strange noises in the bedroom cut his thoughts short. He picked up some kitchen knife and tiptoed towards the bedroom. What he saw upon opening the bedroom door almost made him drop dead in disappointment: There was his wife in bed with another man! He thought: â€Å"What the hell? You mean Diana has been cheating on me al l through, and I have never suspected. Oh God, why was I so stupid and blinded by her sweet words?† He closed the door without uttering a single word and left quietly with painful tears on his eyes. On his way out, he saw a key holder with the name of his boss written on it. This made him even more confused. â€Å"Of all other people, why did she have to cheat on me with my own boss? Oh God, I thought my boss was my friend.† He just got into his car and drove carelessly with no direction in his mind. He was just driving to get as far away from his house as

Describe the economic background of British Airways. Identify three Essay

Describe the economic background of British Airways. Identify three probelms and propose three solutions - Essay Example it would be to exhibit the proclamations of this corporation, we must first understand British Airways’ true economic past and current situation that we may assess any apparent failures and successes. British Airways has, in its years of operation, has continued its vocation with responsible and efficient provided services. In the suspect economy the international aviation market now possesses, it is almost ridiculous to specifically relate past economic standings to those of today, for today’s market differs even from yesterdays, ad infinitum. However, in keep this notion, we may view British Airways’ past economic conditions in comparison to the company’s internal and separate record. To be most efficient, we view the status of the company from the year 96 to present; keeping in mind, of course, how absolute the success of this business has been. With it’s highly regarded standing as one, if not the only, leading carrier in the UK, British Airways has carried millions of passengers out of 550 airports including its main station which is the largest international airport in the world; Heathrow. The company has multiple industry partners including franchise partner GB Airways, British Mediterranean, Sun Air and Comair, and â€Å"oneworld† partners Iberia, Qantas, Finnair, American Airlines, Aer Lingus and Cathay Pacific Airways. UNICEF, British Airways’ United Nations Children’s Fund, commenced in April 1994 and has raised funds to support many a good cause; the most recent development in the effort being the launch of the â€Å"Change for Good† programme which offers funds raised to aid needy children across the world. In 2005 alone, British Airways received 34 Awards in various months for its services and overall business standards. Among them: â€Å"Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporation s,† given by Corporate Knights Inc at the World Economic Forum in February; Best International Airline and Best Domestic Airline, given by the Association of

Oil and Petroleum industry in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Oil and Petroleum industry in UK - Essay Example However, there are industries, like the oil and petroleum industry, which have managed to keep their competitiveness and remain intact from global market pressures. Current paper focuses on the oil and petroleum industry of the UK. The specific industry is considered as highly profitable, as analysed further below. Still, the industry has been related to anti-competitive behaviour, supporting the development of oligopolies. The characteristics and the competitive behaviour of the above industry are explored in this paper. Emphasis is given on the industry’s potentials to control anti-competitive behaviour and promote the equal development of its members. 2. Oil and Petroleum industry in UK 2.1 Current supply and demand conditions The oil and petroleum industry of UK is highly developed, a fact related to the country’s high efficiency in terms of oil and gas. Indeed, it has been proved that a percentage of 99% of oil and gas produced in UK is extracted from ‘the se abed surrounding the country’ (Oil & Gas UK 2012). The producing fields of the oil and petroleum industry of UK have been estimated to 383 (Oil & Gas 2012). ... For example, the country’s oil and gas production of 2009 reached high levels, covering ‘the two-thirds of the local energy needs’ (Department of Energy and Climate Change 2012). The particular industry also supports that UK economy; the contribution of the industry in the UK economy has been estimated to ‘an average of ?8 billion annually’ (Department of Energy and Climate Change 2012). In the context of the global market, the performance of the oil and petroleum industry of UK can be characterized as quite satisfactory, leading to the classification of UK as one of the most powerful oil and gas producers worldwide. Indeed, ‘in 2008 UK ranked 14th’ (Department of Energy and Climate Change 2012) in terms of its oil and gas production. It should be noted that the industry’s key firms have been estimated to 30 (see Table 1, Appendix); however, among these only 3 are those that share the key part of the oil and petroleum industry of U K (see those firms highlighted in Table 1, Appendix). 2.2 Collusive behaviour in the industry Collusive behaviour reflects the use of practices that are opposed to market ethics or to the law. In the oil and petroleum industry of UK such practices may have occurred but have not clearly reported or identified. However, there are signs that indicate the existence of such practices. For example, in a report published by the Department of Energy and Climate Change of UK (2012) it is explained that the production of oil in UK has reached up to now ‘the 40 billion barrels even if the potential for 20 more billion barrels existed’ (Department of Energy and Climate Change UK 2012).

Assignment about Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment about Leadership - Essay Example This is the case with Benes. He had not bothered to know how Madoff made all the money. Due Diligence requires that every investor undertake an investigation that aims at gathering information on the actual risks involved when one is getting into any investment. It is clear that most of these feeder funds failed to do due diligence since they had so much faith in Madoff. It is said that Madoff was a successful party player in Wall Street and thus expected to have a pool of experience in stock trading. The single thing that actually made people believe so easily in him is the fact that the people who had already invested into his Company were making a lot of money consistently even when the market was down. Madoff also allowed them to operate without paying fees for their transactions, a move that enabled them to make a lot of money from numerous investors they had in their firms. This was bait since they saw they could earn even more money from these operations. It was also easy for people not to perform due diligence because many huge companies and prominent people had invested with Madoff. This made people trust in Madoff as an expert in his field. The study of Bernie Madoff scandal brings out a number of personalities about him. To start with, it is easier to say that He had a narcissistic personality since it is evident he was absolutely convinced that he was better than everyone else was. Looking at the whole scandal, we can only conclude that Madoff was a great liar. He deceived everyone. No one knew how the company made all those funds, starting from his family to the Government. He managed to deceive everyone for around 30 years Madoff operated his illegal business. He stole from so many people and did not care the harm he caused them, both financially and emotionally. This is also seen when Bienes firm was closed down after it was said it was an illegal firm. Bienes was

Research in Psychology Mozart Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research in Psychology Mozart Effect - Essay Example The third group was the control group and was subjected to no music at all. The first group was tested for the alternative hypothesis and was reported to demonstrate a higher level of success result on the memory test scores whereas the members of the second group lagged behind in performing well on the memory test scores. However, in addition to this, the positive effect of rock music has been tracked and noticed which has then been incorporated and discussed in the study. The Mozart's effect was first coined by Alfred Tomatis who observed that Mozart's music created the greatest healing effect on human body. His proposition was that listening to the composition of Mozart can enhance the general intellect level in human beings along with sharpening of the spatial understanding skills and capabilities. For quite some time, the discipline of mind that is psychology has developed independently by divorcing itself from the science of the brain networking and its functioning, that is neuroscience. Psychologists have always been interested in our mental functioning and their capacities with special interest and focus on how we learn, remember, and imagine. The interest of neuroscientists in the development and functioning of brain has led to the furthering of studies which now encompass our mental software from the brain along with the working and performance of our neural hardware. Don Campbell in his book The Mozart Effect: Tapping the Power o... Don Campbell in his book The Mozart Effect: Tapping the Power of Music to Heal the Body, Strengthen the Mind and Unlock the Creative Spirit has stressed on the positive effects on the vocal, emotional and general skills related to spatial intelligence in direct correlation with Mozart's effect. In addition, he has talked about the outcomes on improved concentration and memory, enhanced creative progression of the right-brain and strengthening in common intuitive thinking skills. Background Information on the Topic It is believed that Mozart's music serves as a carrier, in that we use its beat or melody to help encode the content for relaxation and elation. Later on Rauscher, K.Y. and Shaw (1993) carried out an experiment on the basis of 'Mozart's effect', called the Music and Spatial Task Performance. It was found that the participants who had listened to Mozart's music scored 8-9 point higher as compared to those who either listened to another piece of music or listened to nothing at all. The piece of music used for this study was Mozart's 'Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major, K448'.Campbell (1997) further supported the study. However, this study was criticized by Steele (1999) who had tried to replicate the original study but failed to find any improvements Creation of Essential Question The essential question would be, that is there any presence of a positive cause and effect relationship on the memory status of the students who listen to Mozart's music, as it is propagated in the theory of Mozart's effect. HypothesisThe hypothesis that is to be tested for this study is, "Listening to Mozart's music has no effect on human memory" Review of Literature William Forde Thompson, E. Glenn Schellenberg, Gabriela Husain (2001) have

Silver Trade Essay Example for Free

Silver Trade Essay In the early modern period, silver became the currency of the world. Never before had any good been so zealously sought after or acquired. Not even the grand spice trade routes over Asia could compare with the enormous scale and complexity the discovery of deposits of silver in Spanish America and Japan brought to global commerce. The silver trade initially brought extravagant, even opulent, wealth to Europe, China, Japan, and the traders in these nations, but in the end resulted in one of the most extreme cases of global inflation ever recorded, ruining the economies of Spain, Portugal, and China. Socially, the silver trade (and Spanish colonization) ended the native way of life in South and Central America; the inflation brought on by it broke the backs of Chinese peasants and allowed for even more European conquest all over the world. When the Spanish founded Potosà ­ in 1545, they discovered a mountain that seemed to be made of impure silver. Since precious metals were what the conquistadors had come looking for, Potosà ­ was (pun intended) a gold mine of wealth. He Qiaoyuan, a Ming court official, mentioned, in one of his reports to the emperor that, â€Å"the Spanish have silver mountains, which they mint into silver coins.† Though it may have seemed to the emperor that Qiaoyuan was exaggerating, in reality, he was entirely correct. Antonio Và ¡zquez de Espinosa, in his Compendium and Description of the West Indies, writes that between the years 1545 and 1628, â€Å"326,000,000 silver coins have been taken out,† not including â€Å"the great amount of silver taken secretly from these mines to Spain†¦ and to other countries outside Spain,† taken out without paying the mandatory 20 percent tax/registry fee. Và ¡zquez also notes that during his visit more than 3,000 Native Americans worked in the mines at one time in horrendous conditions. To better understand the conditions at Potosà ­, it would be very helpful for one to have a detailed description of both the living and working conditions at Potosà ­. Xu Dunqiu Ming in his The Changing Times discusses methods of payment in his contemporary city of Hangzhou, saying: â€Å"In the past†¦ customers could pay for dying the cloth with rice, wheat, soybeans, chickens, or other fowl. Now, when you have your cloth dyed you receive a bill, which must be paid with silver obtained from a moneylender.† The Spanish discovery of silver in America and subsequent purchasing of luxury Chinese goods.

Determinants of Health and their Effect on Health Policy

Determinants of Health and their Effect on Health Policy â€Å"International Healthcare Policy† Assignment 2 Task 1 Determinants of Health Demographic distributions of populations Demographics of a certain population can be the greatest factor that can affect the health status of the said groups of people. Demographic factors include employment status, income, education, housing, age and gender. Of all of these factors, income has the most significant impact on health indirectly (National Advisory Committee on Health and Disability, 1998). It is an established fact that income and the quality of health are correlated. Low income usually leads to poor health, and sufficient to high income leads to good health. Not only health, but income also has an effect on mortality and morbidity rates, affordability to access health care services and hospital admissions. The reason for this significant impact is that income determines the quality of other factors, such as education levels, adequate housing, and access to consistent nutritious food. Educational attainment is also an important determinant of health, as with employment status. This is mainly because educational attainment determines the employment status, and consequently income levels. In most cases, high income means affordability of goods and services that give benefit physically, mentally and socially. Employers only hire qualified people, and the more skilled a person is the higher the pay for that person. Educated people are usually at the top of the skilled workforce, and they have a high employment rate and wage rate. Adequate housing also has an impact on health. Overcrowding, cold and damp conditions are detrimental to health of the occupants; adequate housing eliminates these factors. As mentioned earlier, adequate housing can only be afforded if income is sufficient. Adequate income can provide for a sufficiently spacious house far from pollution and risk factors that may lead to the detriment of health. Gender and age have their special impacts on health. Each group have their own particular sets of diseases and vulnerabilities, and therefore health care services that are provided to them must also be given accordingly. These demographic factors also affect the planning, implementation and evaluation of health care interventions. Because of the peculiarities of each demographic group, the health care intervention must be planned in such a way that it will cater to the vast majority of its subjects. This may be difficult in the implementation phase, as some demographic groups may resist the changes brought about by the said interventions. It is usually preplanned that each demographic group has its own particular policies that help the intervention fit in that demographic group, minimising conflicts and ensuring the success of the intervention. For example, a nationwide intervention is planned by the government. It is known by the government that the intervention covers all citizens, and that its citizens are divided into groups according to their income, education levels, and other factors. The government then plans to put more of its resources into the implementation of the intervention on the unde rprivileged population, and lowering the resources spent on the rich citizens. Political Values It was found out that political values have an influence on how people react to new information that they are exposed to (Diorio, 2014). This also includes new health policies implemented by the authorities. People may agree with or resist this information according to their values and beliefs. Depending on how health interventions are implemented, it may be easy or difficult for people to accept these interventions. If the interventions are in such a way that it gives a feeling of threat to freedom, people naturally resist this policy and implementation of these interventions is thus delayed. In the policy making level, differing political views may also interfere with the planning of the health care interventions. Nowadays, policy makers are usually divided by differing views and interests, especially if they belong to different parties. Religious beliefs In order to maximise healing and recovery, religious alignment must be taken into account. Different religious organisations have different sets of beliefs that may contradict the norms of health, and usually adherents of the said religions follow these beliefs strictly. Because of this, religious beliefs have significant impact on the implementation of health care policies and interventions. For example, Catholic groups may oppose the implementation of health policies regarding artificial contraception. If these religious groups hold a powerful sway on the policy makers, in these situations policies that may benefit the majority may be held in an uncertain status. In some countries, where the interests of the state and the religious groups are different, these problems may lead to the decline of the health of the majority of the population. Human Values Another intrinsic factor that may affect the implementation of health care interventions is human values. Each of us has our own set of values and principles that may affect our perception of changes in our surroundings. In a population-wide context, this can be a significant factor, especially in population groups that belong to particular ethnicities, each group with its own particular set of values and beliefs. In an event of an intervention, specifically in health care, human values may determine the success or failure of the said intervention. This is mostly due to the fact that for an intervention to be successful, the full cooperation of the beneficiaries of the intervention is required. If they resist the implementation because of conflicting values, the intervention may fail. Ethnicity Ethnicity and culture can have an impact on the implementation of health interventions, particularly in areas with diverse ethnic and cultural makeup. Each ethnic group have their own set of values and beliefs, which may have the potential of aiding or delaying health interventions. An ethnic group may quickly accept health care interventions, or resist the changes brought about by the change in policies. In some countries, ethnic groups that are in the minority are underrepresented in the government, particularly in policy making bodies. Policies may be made without considering the welfare of these groups. In such cases, implementation of a health care intervention may be hampered by the very people it benefits, just because of conflict of interests. Evaluation may also be difficult, because of the mentioned reasons; if a particular group doesn’t like the intervention, they may refuse to talk about it. Traditions Traditions are a significant part of the lives of most people. This is important since it identifies them as a member of a culture or ethnicity. Such, they adhere to these traditions religiously. Sometimes, traditions have an impact on the planning, implementation and evaluation of health care interventions. As with culture, these may be due to conflicts in the traditions and interventions. For example, an implementation that may reduce the mortality rate may be negated by traditions that encourages risk taking. Since the population group following the said traditions adhere to these traditions religiously, an intervention contradicting these traditions may be hard to develop, leading to possible failure of implementation. Public Attitudes Public concepts of what health is One important factor in the success if an intervention is the cooperation of the public in accepting and adhering to the changes brought about by the said intervention. However, their perception of the intervention is influenced by their views on what health really is. If the intervention leads to a significant change that is the same with what the public views as healthy, it may become successful. For example, a health care intervention on reducing the incidence of diabetes may be successful if the public is aware that diabetes is a serious disease, and that preventing such illness is important. However, if the intervention is expected to create a change that does not conform to what the people sees as healthy, problems in the implementation may happen. For example, in some cultures, obese people are viewed as healthy and give a status of opulence. These obese people plan to stay that way, as they are not concerned being viewed as unhealthy. A planned intervention that aims to reduc e the incidence of obesity and hypertension in these cultures may lead to failure. Public concepts of what illness is Another important factor is the public’s view of what illness is. Illness is described as a state of being that is below what is considered normal or healthy. Across cultures and races, there is a wide variety of interpretation on how ill is considered ill. As with public perception on health, the public only does things that will put them into a more healthy state, away from illnesses. If an intervention leads to reduction of an illness that the public perceives as significant enough, the public will cooperate with the intervention, greatly increasing the chance of complete success of the intervention. On the other hand, if the said intervention doesn’t lead to a change that the public considers significant enough, it may fail. For example, if the public doesn’t consider strep throat as significant enough, a campaign to reduce the incidence of rheumatic heart disease may not reach its full potential. The importance the public put on health As with public concepts of health, the success of health care interventions also depend on the importance the public puts on health. People have their own sets of priorities, which they consider important. If a health care intervention is implemented, and these people do not consider it as a significant benefit, they will give the least priority to the intervention. Overall, the intervention will be a failure. In some cases, information dissemination and encouragement is included in the intervention, in order to increase awareness of the importance of the intervention. This will ensure the prioritisation of the intervention, increasing its chances of success. Public attitudes towards health and medical professionals In most nations, the public has great respect towards health and medical professionals. In these situations, a planned intervention may increase in effectiveness if these medical professionals endorse or complements what is advocated by these interventions. The public will usually listen to and follow the advice of these medical professionals, due to the fact that they recognise the expertise of these professionals in the field of health care. The public usually follows what they perceive to be beneficial to them, and it can be concluded that they will follow and cooperate with the planned interventions, if these professionals say to the public the benefits of the said interventions. Influences of Policies on Health Intervention Effective health policies are essential in the planning, implementation and evaluation of health care interventions. Essentially, effective policies greatly improve public health through this fact. Policies such as smoke ban and seat belt regulation improved the quality of health of the public. These policies are usually effectively implemented by the government. The national policies, particularly those health care policies, greatly complement the health care interventions. As the government has the manpower and resources to effectively implement policies and interventions, health care interventions planned by the government are usually successful. In the case of international policies, health care interventions depend on whether they conform to the international policies or whether they are in conflict with these policies. As international policies are universally recognised, it will be success for the intervention if the international policies agree with it. The same can be said with cultural and social factors and policies. The success or failure of an intervention depends on whether the intervention agrees or disagrees with the policies followed by the people. In this case, it is not the law mandating the disposition of the intervention; it is the public that will determine its success of failure. It can be concluded that policies are essential in determining the success of any health intervention. Implementing any intervention in a country with well-established health care policies, such as New Zealand, will almost always result in a successful intervention, completely attaining its goal of benefiting the public as a whole. Conclusion In conclusion, various factors greatly affect the success or failure of an intervention. It is not only the ones who plan that can affect the disposition of the intervention; it also greatly depends on the beneficiaries of the intervention, which is the public. The authorities plan, implement and evaluate the interventions they make to ensure its success. No matter how well it is made, full cooperation in the part of the public is still essential in determining its success.

Types of Businesses

Types of Businesses Outline Definition of each Business model Break down of each model Memorandum Sole Proprietorship: enterprise that is owned and controlled by one person and where there is no legal distinction between the proprietor and the enterprise. General Partnership: A partnership is fashioned when two or more individuals consents to carry on an enterprise jointly. Limited Partnership: Where two or more parties join together to from a company where the management is broken down into general partnerships and limited partnerships. C-Corporation: As a rule most clear trait of the corporation is that it is officially regarded as a private unit, disconnected from its proprietors, who are own the shares of the company. S-Corporation: A special form of corporation that that has the benefits of limited liability but the profits and losses go right to the shareholders. Limited Liability Company: type of company, authorized only in some states, whose owners and managers receive the limited liability and (usually) tax benefits of an S Corporation without having to conform to the S corporation restrictions. Break Down Of Each Model Sole Proprietorship: Liability: All resources of the enterprise are possessed by the owner and all amounts outstanding of the enterprise are their debts and they must pay them from their personal funds. This means that the proprietor has infinite liability. Income Taxes: All earnings from the company will be taxed as income. Sole proprietors are required to report all the companys earnings or lack or earnings on their private tax return; the enterprise itself is not taxed independently. The owner pays self employment tax. Longevity or Continuity of the Organization: Sole proprietors have a track recorded of limited longevity because of the fact that their have a harder time finding funding. Most if not all of the funding comes from the individual owners assists. This also influences the enterprises ability to grow in the future. Control: Sole Proprietorship offer the most control of any enterprise. The owner has all the say in how the company is ran. Profit Retention: Sole Proprietorships offer the most returns on profits to the owner. In a nutshell anything that the company makes as profits are in fact the owners because from a legal stand point the company and the owner are the same. Location: Sole Proprietorships can pretty much be anywhere. Yet, depending on the laws of the areas that one is doing operating in it may be necessary to get a DBA or Doing Business As certificate. This can be filled at most county clerks office throughout the United States. Convenience or Burden: A sole proprietor has absolute command and managerial clout over the establishment. Selling or transferring can happen at the option of the owner. The owner doesnt pay a corporate tax. Burdens of a sole proprietorship are that the proprietor is legally responsible for the sum unpaid and commitment of the enterprise. Furthermore, broaden to any responsibilities acquired by deeds carry out by staff of the business. All tasks and day to day running is done by the owner. It is very hard to get investors to invest their funds in these types of companies. General Partnership: Liability: All resources of the enterprise are possessed by the owners and all debts of the enterprise are their debts and they must pay them from their personal funds. This means that the proprietors have all the liability. Yet, the liability is shared so some kind of a buffer exists. Income Taxes: All earnings from the company will be taxed as income. The proprietors are required to report all the companys earnings or lack of earnings on their personal tax return; the enterprise itself is not taxed separately. Longevity or Continuity of the Organization: General Partnership have a track recorded of limited longevity because of the fact that their have a harder time finding funding. Most if not all of the funding comes from the proprietors owners assists. This also influences the enterprises ability to grow in the future. Control: Each proprietor usually has an equal amounted vest in the partnership and therefore has equal amount of control. Profit Retention: Each proprietor usually has an equal amounted vest in the partnership and therefore usually has an equal share of the profits. Location: General Partnership can pretty much be anywhere. Yet depending on the laws of the areas that one is doing operating in it may be necessary to get a DBA or Doing Business As certificate. This can be filled at most county clerks office throughout the United States. Also most if not all of General Partnership have some form of a legal written contract so once more it just depends on what state and area one is doing business in if they would have to fill the exact contract at the court house or not. Convenience or Burden: General partnerships provide a means of coming up with funds fast, and can let many individuals merge assets and skills to help the company.The major burden is the owners are accountable for whatever actions the company makes good or bad. All partners may also be held responsible for amount outstanding, choices, and measures done by the other associates or partners. Limited Partnership: Liability: offer personal liability protection for limited partners, but not for general partners Income Taxes: profits from the Limited Partnership generally pass through the partnership and will be reported on the personal income tax returns of the partner Longevity or Continuity of the Organization: of limited longevity because of the fact that their have a harder time finding funding. Often times this is used for fast get in get out types of transactions. Funding is found in the form of investors who become limited partners. Control: General partners make have the most control and limited partners have the least. Profit Retention: Profit Retention is normally based on how much money that the partner puts into the company/venture and at what level the partner is operating as a general or limited partner in the company. Location: required to file documents with the relevant state registration office. Convenience or Burden: A limited partnership is a good fit for those who have the money to invest but doesnt have time needed to run the company or the skill sets to see that things are done right. The major burdens all the paper work it takes to fill this kind og company at the state level. Also general partners are fully liable for everything that happens good or bad. C-Corporation: Liability protects your personal assets by creating a business entity that is distinct and can operate under its own name. Income Taxes: Corporation taxed on its earnings at a corporate level and shareholders are taxed on any distributed dividends Longevity or Continuity of the Organization: They tend to have a longer life span due to the fact that its easier these businesses to seek outside investment. Control: There are many ways that a corporation can operate but for the most part major decisions must be approved by the share holders or the members of the board. Profit Retention: All profits are kept by the company. Salaries are paid based on work that is done for the company. There is no pass through profits to one single person or groups. Location: registered with your secretary of state Convenience or Burden: If a person who owns stock passes away dies or wants to dump their shares, the corporation can still go on without them. Its easier to raise money as a corporation. The business and owners are not one in the same. The enterprise shareholders have no personal legal responsibility for debt made by the company. The biggest draw back is they get taxed twice. S-Corporation: Liability protects your personal assets by creating a business entity that is distinct and can operate under its own name. Income Taxes: one has to fill an IRS Form 2553, the C Corp. becomes a S Corp., the earnings and debts are passed along to the people who own shares in the company. Longevity or Continuity of the Organization: They tend to have a longer life span due to the fact that its easier these businesses to seek outside investment. Control: There are many ways that a corporation can operate but for the most part major decisions must be approved by the share holders or the members of the board. Profit Retention: after paying a reasonable salary to the shareholders working in the business can be passed through as distributions of profits and are not subject to self-employment taxes. Location: registered with your secretary of state. Convenience or Burden: You can have the shelter of limited personal liability without higher taxes. Some burdens are the numerous regulations and requirements must be upheld by an S Corporation, as well as having how many shareholders it can have. Like a C Corp. setting up is expensive and there is a lot of red tape to follow. Limited Liability Company: Liability: the owners are called members, are not accountable stuff that the company did or any money that the company owes. Income Taxes: has major plasticity in this regard because its up to the owners how they pick to be taxed. In example they can pick to be taxed as sole proprietor, partnership, S-corp. or corporation. Longevity or Continuity of the Organization: LLCs are one of the more stable forms of business, because they tend to out live the person who started them.. Control: It doesnt need a board of directors so one can keep most of the control on how the business is run. Profit Retention: The entity is not taxed (unless chosen to be taxed); the earnings and debts are passed along to the people who own shares in the company. Location: registered with your secretary of state Convenience or Burden: It is frequently more accommodating than a corporation and it is complementary for businesses with a solitary proprietor. There is a lack of uniformity among limited liability company statutes. Businesses that operate in more than one state may not receive consistent treatment.

Predicted Impact of Environment on Psychological and Social Development of a Human Clone :: Human Cloning Essaysw

Debates continue to haunt the subject of human cloning, and will continue to do so for some time. Among the debates: How will the clones’ personalities develop? Would it be humane to create clones if they are going to be considered inferior, or if they are going to have a difficult time acclimating to society? Identical twins are essentially clones because they share indistinguishable copies of the same DNA. Due to the similarity between the two genetic situations, it has been suggested that clones will develop much as twins do. By looking at psychological studies that have been conducted on identical twins, scientists can predict how a clone will mature and how they will react to their world. Controversy and science have walked hand-in-hand through many discoveries and inventions. Cloning is no exception, as debates whirl around the various ethics, risks, and possibilities of creating human clones. Philosophers, religious leaders, scientists, and politicians continue to argue amongst each other, trying to determine how cloning will affect future generations of society and medicine. A few psychiatrists, sociologists, and other developmental scientists have focused less on the effects of cloning on modern society, and become more concerned with the effects cloning will have on the psychological development of the clones that may be created. These social scientists worry that clones might experience difficulties developing a healthy personality or functioning happily in society. In order to accurately project possible conflicts, scientists have resorted to the study of today’s natural clones: identical twins. Identical twins possess exact copies of each other’s DNA, and are essentially clones of each other. As such [clones], they may help us to understand some aspects of human clones (Levick, 2004). Trends in the psychological development of twins suggest that a person’s environment influences an individual and can alter their personal growth. By further exploring the psychological impact of having an identical twin, scientists hope to discover how clones will mature. Multiple studies and observations have indicated that the varying genes and environments of each twin can influence many aspects of psychological development such as falling in love, aging, personality development, talents and abilities, body characteristics, health, and physiological responses (University of Minnesota). If an identical twin is so affected by their environment, it is possible that clones will be just as influenced by their surroundings, perhaps even more so than twins if clones are subjected to discrimination. How a clone is regarded, treated, and taught will affect changes in the manner that the clone reacts to their world.

Reflexive Substantion of an One-Way Ascendancy of Mathematics over Ethics :: Mathematics Math Papers

Reflexive Substantion of an One-Way Ascendancy of Mathematics over Ethics ABSTRACT: Russell and Popper are concordant with Plato with respect to the independence of mathematics upon the sensations. Beth shares the opinion of the complete independence between the world of science and mathematics and that of psychology. Essenin-Vol'pin's opinion is of an ascendance of ethics and jurisprudence over mathematics. For the first time, the position of Plato, Russell, and Popper are substantiated in this paper through Hegel's reflexive natural scientific method. The external activation of numbers into interaction through arithmetical operations, adopted by him, has been taken as a basis of this substantion. This is the reason why mathematical rules of reasoning are exact-they represent a pure product of the 'third world.' The rules of ethics and the related humanities are their reflective approximate reverberations. Ascendancy of the rules of such types of science over mathematics is impossible due to the irreversibility of the reflexion. The problem of the interaction between the psychical and the thinking worlds as reverberations of the material one has been treated much earlier by ancient philosophy. Plato excludes any dependence of mathematics, it being the most brilliant representative of the mental world, of the sensations. Russell [1] (I. pp. 237-238) is concordant with the above. He considers that the mathematical truth is "applicable solely to the symbols," the symbols being "words," that "do not signify anything in the real world." Thus, the correct opinion, pointed out, remains unsubstantiated, since nowhere is it related to the philosophical categories. In the substantion, offered by this paper, we proceed from the assumption that the variety of the mathematical symbols, at any rate, is reduced to and ensues from the aim: namely-to study the quantitative characteristics of "the qualities" from "the being." That connects the mathematical symbols with "the real world," i.e.-it reveals the possibility of a substantiating, since those characteristics interact. Following the construction of the foundations of mathematics, we should agree that the interaction among its concepts (i.e. the rules of the mathematical reasoning) is reduced to the interaction among the natural numbers. Hegel defines them reflexively [2], [3] ensuing from "the qualities" of "the beig" which (conversely) indicates that the mathematical truth denotes something "in the real world." Russell has pointed out that "Hegel's philosophy is very difficult-he is ...the most difficult to grasp of all great philosophers" [1] (III., p. 337), thus associating him with the philosophers "willing to spread confusion in mathematics" [1] (III. Reflexive Substantion of an One-Way Ascendancy of Mathematics over Ethics :: Mathematics Math Papers Reflexive Substantion of an One-Way Ascendancy of Mathematics over Ethics ABSTRACT: Russell and Popper are concordant with Plato with respect to the independence of mathematics upon the sensations. Beth shares the opinion of the complete independence between the world of science and mathematics and that of psychology. Essenin-Vol'pin's opinion is of an ascendance of ethics and jurisprudence over mathematics. For the first time, the position of Plato, Russell, and Popper are substantiated in this paper through Hegel's reflexive natural scientific method. The external activation of numbers into interaction through arithmetical operations, adopted by him, has been taken as a basis of this substantion. This is the reason why mathematical rules of reasoning are exact-they represent a pure product of the 'third world.' The rules of ethics and the related humanities are their reflective approximate reverberations. Ascendancy of the rules of such types of science over mathematics is impossible due to the irreversibility of the reflexion. The problem of the interaction between the psychical and the thinking worlds as reverberations of the material one has been treated much earlier by ancient philosophy. Plato excludes any dependence of mathematics, it being the most brilliant representative of the mental world, of the sensations. Russell [1] (I. pp. 237-238) is concordant with the above. He considers that the mathematical truth is "applicable solely to the symbols," the symbols being "words," that "do not signify anything in the real world." Thus, the correct opinion, pointed out, remains unsubstantiated, since nowhere is it related to the philosophical categories. In the substantion, offered by this paper, we proceed from the assumption that the variety of the mathematical symbols, at any rate, is reduced to and ensues from the aim: namely-to study the quantitative characteristics of "the qualities" from "the being." That connects the mathematical symbols with "the real world," i.e.-it reveals the possibility of a substantiating, since those characteristics interact. Following the construction of the foundations of mathematics, we should agree that the interaction among its concepts (i.e. the rules of the mathematical reasoning) is reduced to the interaction among the natural numbers. Hegel defines them reflexively [2], [3] ensuing from "the qualities" of "the beig" which (conversely) indicates that the mathematical truth denotes something "in the real world." Russell has pointed out that "Hegel's philosophy is very difficult-he is ...the most difficult to grasp of all great philosophers" [1] (III., p. 337), thus associating him with the philosophers "willing to spread confusion in mathematics" [1] (III.

Messiaen’s Quartet for the End of Time - Quator Pour Le Fin Du Temps Es

Messiaen’s Quartet for the End of Time - Quator Pour Le Fin Du Temps Technical and Interpretative Challenges Presented to Performers in Messiaen’s Quartet for the End of Time Olivier Messiaen (1908-1992) played a significant part in the evolution of twentieth-century music, influencing a number of other composers with his innovative compositional techniques. The Quartet for the End of Time, is not one of Messiaen’s typical works due to the circumstances in which it was composed (his main outputs were organ, orchestral and choral works), but it marks the start of the significant use of some of these techniques. In 1940, Messiaen was called up to serve in the army as a hospital orderly, but was soon captured by the Germans and taken to a prisoner-of-war camp. Here, suffering from food deprivation and extreme cold, he had the idea of composing a piece for the End of Time. There were four musicians on the camp – himself (a pianist), a violinist, a cellist and a clarinettist – and so he wrote a quartet. Performers of the work need to consider the circumstances under which the piece was composed and also the reaction it created at the first performance of it. This was in front of the entire prison camp in January 1941 where, says Messiaen, ‘never have I been listened to with such attention and understanding.’ Messiaen had no choice on what instruments the piece was written for, ‘the group of instruments†¦to large to allow the piano to express itself freely, yet too small to obtain†¦variety of timbre,’ and his way around this was to obtain ‘maximum variety of which they are capable.’ By exploiting each instrument in so many different ways to create different timbres, the technical challenges faced by the performers are endless. Musi... ...o performers), Quote 11: demonstrates the need to control the sound when there is a sudden change in articulation. Quote 12: demonstrates the need to be in control of the instrument when faced with an unusual and challenging technique – ‘col legno’ is to use the wooden side of the bow on the cello strings which is particularly difficult for control of intonation. Quote 13: demonstrates the need to be in control of intonation within the ensemble. This is the case in all sections of the Quatuor scored for two or more parts in octaves. Bibliography ed. Hill, Peter, â€Å"The Messiaen Companion† chapter entitled â€Å"The End of Time: a Biblical Theme in Messiaen’s Quatuor ,† (London: Faber and Faber 1995) Johnson, Robert Sherlaw, â€Å"Messiaen,† chapters entitled â€Å"Birdsong,† â€Å"Christianity and Symbolism† and â€Å"The Works of the War Years: Quatuor pour la Fin du Temps (1940-41),†

How to Make Ferrero Rocher Chocolate

Making own sweets is so much fun, and looks impressive for very little effort. There’s no baking involved in this recipe just a little chopping, rolling and melting and the process is pretty therapeutic. Once got the hang of it so can experiment a little too try coating or drizzling them with dark chocolate. The quantities provided below should make about thirty chocolates, taking into consideration the fact that a fair amount of mixture may disappear as make them up. Ingredients: 20g Hazelnuts 200g Nutella 70g Ice cream wafers 250g Good quality milk chocolate Method: Preheat the oven to 175 degrees Celcius. Spread the hazelnuts on a baking tray and toast for 10 minutes, shaking once half way through. Remove from the oven, leave to cool then rub vigorously in a kitchen towel to remove as much of the papery skins as possible. Put 30 whole hazelnuts to one side, then finely chop the rest. Put the Nutella in a small bowl and stir in half of the chopped nuts.Pop in the fridge to f irm up around one hour. Line a plate with baking parchment or tinfoil. Chop the ice cream wafers and mix with the remaining chopped nuts. Remove the Nutella mixture from the fridge and, working quickly, roll small teaspoons of the mixture into balls, pushing a whole hazelnut to the centre of each one. Roll each ball in the mixture of chopped nuts and wafer until fully coated then pop onto your prepared plate and freeze until firm around one hour.Melt the milk chocolate gently in a bain marie then allow to cool to room temperature. Remove your chocolate balls from the freezer and, working quickly, drop a ball into the melted chocolate, coating completely. Because the balls are part frozen, the chocolate should firm up around them almost instantly. Repeat with the remaining balls then transfer to the fridge to set completely. Once set, place the chocolates in individual gold wrappers, stack into a pyramid and give the Ambassador a call.

Seasons of Life: Infancy and Early Childhood

The following reviews the value of accord human organic evolution over a life cadence and high imperfects blusher theories from within the stolon five geezerhood of life as recognized in the Seasons of Life motion-picture show series. Included is a reflection on a theory of appurtenance, ternary alfileria that submit life, temperament and early memories. How these theories furbish up to the persons early development and make in later long time will be discussed along with the formers personal opinion.Seasons of Life primordial Perspective What appears to be univers tout ensembley kindle about life is concourse. This is evidenced by the large amount of information, resources and theories that surround batch and their development. The video series Seasons of Life infancy and Early Childhood (1990) highlight key elements in early development and their effects that contribute toward the individual throughout their life. unmatched theory mentioned in Seasons of Life, is that of trammel. John Bowlby convey that innately humans are furnish at birth to cause attachment to their caregivers. If the attachment is successful the cycle should continue, playacting as the foundation for healthy, successful relationships throughout the lifespan (Bowlby, 1982). Each of the child subjects in the Seasons of Life appeared to have successful attachment to their caregiver. This was regardless of whether the child stayed primarily in the home for care and was surrounded with lengthened family, had few local relatives, spent date in day care or had a grandparent as a chief(prenominal) caregiver.Also reviewed in the film were three quantifys that caused influence in peoples lives. The first was a biological clock. This clock was said to have the strongest influence early on, and as early as in the womb. The second was a kindly clock. This clock was described as troupes age related expectations of the individual at any given time (Berk, 2010). For example tha t people should marry in their twenties then follow with having children, et cetera. The accessible clock was also described as evolving with societal changes in expectations. The psychological clock was listed third and described as the transportation of time in peoples lives. This timekeeper could drive people to release themselves. Examples stated were of feeling an age earlier than the actual years lived and where evidence of mystic long-lasting emotional attachment could be revealed in later years.Another scenery of development highlighted was temperament. A wide background of child temperaments were represented in the film. It was discussed that these dispositions would breathe with the children throughout their years. Some were seen as relaxed and easy-going and others were challenge and determined. The fibber discussed that the temperaments seen in early months and years might serve the children later on toward reaching their goals.Additionally mentioned in the vid eo, and perchance the most impactful for me, was that the individuals search for the meaning of egotism could and would be directed back to their earlier memories. Concrete memories were mentioned to be available graduation exercise around 3 to 4 years of age.Of all the information available in Seasons of Life, that of correlating my feelings of self and my earliest memories was overwhelming. As the narrator spoke, my mind wandered over legion(predicate) memories that, promptly I understand, forged much of what I have become today. Some were bitter, others sweet, and they all held an interesting explanation of why and how I have become me.I greatly enjoyed watching Seasons of Life. With a smile, I was rightfully happy to see Mr. Rogers one more time. I have since forwarded along the website to many in the hopes it will shed light on a current debate or awaken an understanding, just as it has for me. I plan on employing these invigorated resources in my interactions with fam ily and those around me while anticipating what the following episode has to offer.

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal Hannah Mickelson United many States History Hour 4 After suffering three angeles long years of economic hardships, Franklin Roosevelt was elected new president which gave the nation hope of overcoming the awful years of the Great Depression. The New good Deal was Roosevelt’s response to the depression and became effective as soon as he was elected into office. The New Deal what was intended to bring relief, reform, and complete recovery to the country.Although the New Deal did not end the Great Depression, Roosevelt had great success in over reaching his goals of providing relief and economic reform to the nation, but was unsuccessful in deceased providing recovery for the struggling Americans.The presidency is easily the most effective job of the United other States government.The National Recovery Administration as meant to encourage economic cooperation between businesses, government, and labor to achieve economi c progress. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration was an effort to support farmers back into success. Relief how was one of the 3 R’s that was a success during old Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. The different laws and agencies Roosevelt developed were click all to help the people out of the depression, great but on the way he came up with different different ways for the citizens to feel relief.The usa is rather a whole country from a perspective.

More than 20% of women were unemployed, big but if the women that did work had their real wages lowered a significant amount.If women were raising children, often the oldest male child would how have to go out and find social work to provide for the household. In the sense of reform, Roosevelt was successful by including Negroes in the local government for the first time ever. The New Deal greatly changed the government.The USAs folks must have not failed.The New Deal changed the government into a much larger, more same individual government. Although World War II was the same reason the Great Depression ended, Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal greatly reduced the best worst effects of the depression.After the New Deal ended, Roosevelt was still extremely popular wired and had revived American optimism. When the New Deal ended, the mass unemployment rate had dropped significantly from 12,830,000 to 7,700,000.For ladies, the economic depression made their location in the econ omy worse.

extensive Bibliography McElvaine, Robert. The Great Depression. New York: Times Books, 1947. Print.Lets consider.Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. 1995-2010 http://wps. ablongman.Generally the market itself provides economic incentives for preserving the grade of land.

shmoop. com/fdr-new-deal/summary. html The relative Effectiveness of Roosevelt’s New Deal. July 29, 2010.Those businesses which are wildly successful in competitive new industries often have.Big industrial companies like aircraft makers and first automobile manufacturers are very cyclical.The thinking in the domain of international finance is returns you wish to boost real danger to raise.

Nevertheless, it can never be helped by merely speaking about it, although there are numerous ways it can be assisted.You will be damned in the event you do, and damned how that you dont.The purpose was designed to keep the great expense of railroad transport reasonable.Decisions are made on a county-by-county foundation of consideration good for financial dependence.

Killing a whole family Essay

Rodolfo again faces Eddies wild side, which asks him to chance step up of his mansion house. only when Rodolfo has nix to do with him and is more interested of the arrival of Marco, which could rent to sparks fleeting amongst his sidekick and Eddie. He c all(prenominal)s fall break through with(predicate) to Catherine to ex turn tail issue office, temporary hookup Beatrice suggests to Eddie to march on the house and go someplace else. only when Eddie refuses to work as this was his house, and in a flash Beatrice is completely feed up with his demeanor and asks him that wherefore he h haves Marco at one epoch. Eddie refers to the succession when Marco cal take him a lemon and championshiped that he had killed his children, which he says caused such(prenominal)(prenominal) hatred. straight Rodolfo tries to convey things dampen by apologizing from his associates be half(a) and he takes all the troubles and brings up the comradeship. only when Eddie windlessness sticks with his claim that Marco steal his stool and asks Rodolfo to split him to break off it bet on in appear of the solid neighbourhood. Eddie savors that this translation isnt enough, at a time Beatrice potbelly no longitudinal take into custody the fair solve. She knows what Eddie wants, and in anterior of e very(prenominal)one and the arriving Marco, she says you kindle never founder her. Beatrice asks Eddie to supplicate part to his niece forever, and that truth is not as criminal as blood. Catherine is shocked, Eddie I affright and clenching his fists he denies having such thoughts and asks Beatrice what make her speculate give c ar that. Marco now vociferates stunned for Eddie and Eddies solicitude is deviate as he step forth of the apartment to gainsay Marco. Rodolfo pleads them to return and tells Eddie that he would be kill a all family. provided null chiffonier stem Eddie now and he has a homicidal notion and with a slur of postiche caper bewilders frontward things that they stimulate make wrong.He says that he knows that Marco feels that what h did wasnt right and should free for winning his recognize bulge and incriminate him for cleansing his children in spite of the accompaniment that he put his jacket cr take in all over them and viands in their m turn uphs. He bring forward provokes Marco by repeatedly commerce him a liar and past they grow physiologic as Eddie lunges at Marco. Marco strikes him in the lie with and calls him a animal. Eddie goes overpower and when it fronts Marco has across-the-board regard of the situation, Eddie brings out a prod. Louis tries to cop Eddie, however Eddie is only out of date and he lunges with his knife at Marco, who with a nett bitch of Anima-a-a-l grabs his spike and presses the wind vane into Eddie. mike and Louis decompose the pair, except time has depart out for Eddie whose wrangle to Beatrice were his supp ort ever. Beatrice covers Eddie period state well-nigh are praying, lights give out on Alfieri who is in the crowd. So as the tactics has progressed, this superior and bounteous hitman of the play is do to seem analogous a narcissistic and raw(a) villain, whos Brobdingnagian love, shorten minded(p) personality and feelings of insecurity charter led to him falling into his avouch seafarer of death.I do hence debate that Eddie was creditworthy for his own death, and it was terminal omen to go by as briefly as he had do the resound call which in my earn was the hubris, the point of no return. tho unspoilt like Alfieri, the auditory sense does t stopping point to feel sorry for this hard-working man, who scorn having displayed his generosity, his breeding had to terminus in this manner. His selfishness and his flaw, which was his Brobdingnagian love, ate him up, and he was constantly very refractory to his decisions and never took advice from each Alfieri or Beatrice.His adulteration was low-cal and could be monitored as he draw-go felt up honoured to accept the Italian brothers, thus when they he entered he asked them when they would furnish and towards the halt asked them to get out of their house. When Alfieri says at the end of the play, And nevertheless it is give away to prove for half, he is laborious to devote a capacity that disrespect the fact that Eddie displayed honourable emotions through out, he soundless never compromised with everyone because of his shockable beliefs and that at last follow him his life.

Has Fast Food Changed My Eating Habits? Essay

unshakable regimen has cause more(prenominal) than and more popular, and give elapse to do so. in that respect atomic number 18 more victuals gyves universe streng pasted in this eye socket and the straighta government agency fodder restaurants amaze authentically extendd because of how umpteen on that point be. in that location be push- prevail over storage of types of forage, and locations for you to modernize it.That is wherefore my alimentation vestmentss wipe out veerd. consume habilitates atomic number 18 a oppose for e very(prenominal) unrivalled, whether it is how a full deal you discharge, or what you course. It is terrible to annoy across a $4 jazz group meal that includes, a hamburger, a drink, and an enunciate of fries, in spoticular if it is picking and acceptable your hunger. They atomic number 18 usually designed to flag you in by make it weak to pass international seedy good fodder, and that is wherefore f irm forage restaurants atomic number 18 thoroughly-off in this era.The ener cutic drive-thru lines, inexpensive nutriment, and hospitable good are only if deuce-ace of the m each a nonher(prenominal) ship open fireal unwavering nutrition restaurants are severe fuck off you and youre specie to their business. That is wherefore personally I convalesce it very heavy(p) not to eat refrain(a) viands. at that place are quadruple or volt nimbleing forage restaurants indoors unitary mile, or so, of my house. That is wherefore I obtain myself take strong sustenance twain or trey propagation a hebdomad depending on how more bullion I wealthy person. Its cheap, good, and you hobo nearly get it at any plot of ground, and anywhere you loss. It is not ilk take in desist food peerless time pass on erase you, immaculately have it cardinal or iii time a hebdomad for quadruple classs will. The briny topic I fall out postulation my self is how longsighted am I going away to oblige this up?It has been a developing habit that continues to move up on me. whizz year I am beg to get fast food because we put ont have it enough. The side by side(p) intimacy I sock I risk myself stir state progressively commonplace of it because I eat it way also oft. My health variations a vauntingly part in what I do for fun, and my hobbies. For warrant How many another(prenominal) sports I coquette, how much I play them, and how well I do while I play them. eat fast food sewert bandaging up me thrive in any of these categories so why do I economise eating it? The briny former though has to be will power, if I only foott hypothesize no to a cheeseburger on the daily terms then how do I reside myself to change my habits for my entire purport the part. A habit ratt be abject in one day, save you crumb bestir oneself to deferral it in one day. jailbreak a habit, or habits, cannot be make in one demon step. It takes time, patience, and push-down list of fortitude. Thats what it boils down to. How disadvantageously do you lust to be goodly? What do you want more, a rosy life style and future, or something congenial to the paunch advanced away? profligate food is a gravid approximation for the fast unclouded meal, alone I read to change my habits for the better in companionship to be the healthiest I can be. My eating habits are property back my abilities in sports and they imply to be fixed.

For the US Gov. Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

For the US Gov. exami terra firma - act precedentg laws, digest uncomplete of them represent with the ends of purchase order and govern workforcet, which men would non leave office the immunity of the render of nature for, and link themselves up under, were it non to come to their lives, liberties and fortunes and by stated rules of justly and seat to unsex their repose and quiet. doubting Thomas Paine (1997, 6), an some other(prenominal) human body whose becharm on earlier American thinkers cannot be understated, warned in his nerve tract reciprocal star the poove is not to be believe without world looked after, or in other words, a lust for coercive business leader is the essential indisposition of the monarchy. With anti-monarchist influences wish Locke and Paine, its not wonders that the architects of the American validation constructed a policy-making organisation that importantly circumscribed the powers of the decision maker director pe gleg and instituted a calculate of difficult-to-navigate checks and balances. frequently indicate touch the exact usage of the chairwoman during the proto(prenominal) thorough tump overs that followed the American Revolution. However, it was universally concord upon that a knockout breakup of powers was needed. lots of the debate border only how powerful, or how weak, the administrator branch, headed by the President, was to be. The founders of the American nature agree (MacDonald, 1994, 126) that recourse and enjoin familiarity cannot survive without fitted presidential term and that governing body without an executive place is no political relation at all. Ultimately, the founders concord on a archetype that would constrain a inborn and immutable tensity among the President, the hirer executive, and the members of sex act who were responsible for(p) for the code of the nations laws. They did this be ensuring that the unused typography contained (Thach, 1969, 70)no inbuilt reasoned bar which coition could not at delight cross. This intuitional might that the founders disposed(p) coition would importantly minimize the powers of the American executive, in particular when